Are there people on the planet who can jump higher than their own height? What is the world record for? You will learn about this by reading the article.

Sport - is life

Sports are always fun. But this statement applies to fans and spectators. Professional athletes Those who have devoted their whole lives to a certain type of competition cannot afford to succumb to emotions. For such people, sport is work, hard work for wear and tear. Only in this way can they achieve their goal and show best result, to prove to yourself and the whole world that the years and efforts on the way to the coveted pedestal were not wasted in vain.

At first glance, not the most spectacular view sports. But if you take a closer look, it becomes clear that men and women who conquer a height one and a half times their own height reach heights that are inaccessible to the rest. Thus, it immediately becomes clear how much effort and experience is invested in each jump. For those who are interested in the question: “what is the world record for high jump?”, This article is written.

The beginning of the story

Before answering this question, let's look at history. High jump is a relatively young Olympic discipline. IN Ancient Greece competed in different types sports, but not once during 293 games did the Olympians jump in the high. practiced in a sports competition- they put several horses in a row and jumped over them with a run. But in the modern version, the discipline appeared only in the 19th century. There is an opinion that it was not without the influence of some tribes of Central Africa, who to this day compete in high jumps during festivities.

What is the high jump world record? Such a jump was first recorded in 1859. Then a certain Robert Gooch jumped, overcoming a height of 1 m 70 cm. It is interesting that he did this by setting the bar at an acute angle, and the movements of his legs resembled scissors. Thus, the young man laid the foundation for one of the most popular styles of jumping, and already in 1896 on Olympic Games the first medals in this sport were played.

World record: high jump (men)

With a height of 195 cm, the Cuban Sanabria seems to have been born specifically for professional sports. While still a teenager, he overcame a height of 2 meters. In 1984, sixteen-year-old Sotomayor showed an excellent result by jumping 233 cm. And at the age of 17, the guy set a world record among juniors, breaking a height of 236 cm.

What is the men's high jump world record? In March 1989, at a closed stadium in Budapest, Javier conquers a height of 243 cm. But so that no one has any doubts, in 1993 the athlete confirms his championship by setting a new world record, breaking the bar of 245 cm. The achievement remains relevant for this day, despite the attempts of many athletes. For example, at the 2013 championship in Moscow, the Ukrainian jumper Bohdan Bondarenko tried to improve his result by 1 centimeter, but the height remained unconquered.

World record: high jump (women)

A similar situation develops among female athletes. Bulgarian jumper Stefka Kostadinova was the best among women in indoor diving five times (from 1985 to 1997), and this is also a kind of achievement. For the first time she showed the best result in the high jump in 1986, taking the bar of 208 cm, and a year later she improved it by 1 cm, setting the current world record. At the same time, Stefka's height is 180 cm. Now Ms. Kostadinova is the president of the Bulgarian Olympic Committee.

Personal record that did not become a world

People who are significantly higher than average height have the primary advantage in jumping, since their center of gravity is higher, respectively, they need to lift the mass own body to a lower height. On average, a person is able to jump a distance of 20% of his height, but there are exceptions. For example, the Swedish high jumper Stefan Holm, with a height of 181 cm, jumped 240 cm. That is, if the world record holder Javier Sotomayor had a bar 50 cm higher than the height of the jumper (26%), then the Swede had 59 cm, which accounts for about 33% of its growth. So far, this is a unique achievement in this sport.

Work on yourself and this will definitely bring a certain result. Who knows, you might be the one who can set a new world record!

thesis

1.1 The history of the emergence and development of high jumps

Currently in athletics such methods of high jumps are known: “stepping over”, “wave”, “roll”, “flip”, “Fosbury Flop”.

The improvement of technology and the emergence of new ways of jumping are associated with the requirements of the rules of competitions characteristic for certain periods of time and conditions in which the high jump was carried out.

The rules were developed at the end of the 19th century. The level of a high jumper's result largely depends on the quality of the jump sector, the place of landing and the clear recording of the athletes' results by the judges of the jump team. The rules of the competition determine the regulations, the course of the competition and contribute to the realization of the potential of the jumper.

Knowledge of the rules of the competition is the most important and necessary condition for the coach and athlete. Ignorance of them leads to the athlete's mistakes during the competition, which can affect the result of the participant and even his disqualification. Just like in all types of light athletics, in the history of the high jump, the rules of the competition were formed autonomously in each country of the world and therefore differed significantly.

The leaders in the development of athletics - the Americans, the British, the French, the Germans - had priority in the development of the rules. Their experience served as the basis for the first and subsequent Olympic Games.

Jumps were carried out from the ground or cinder cover through the bar with a landing in a sand pit. The sand was dug up before each attempt of the next athlete, so the time of the jump was not limited.

Prior to 1932, most jumpers used the jumping, rolling, and wave jumping methods. According to the rules, the jumper had to push off with one foot, go over the bar, land after jumping into the sand pit on his feet. With the advent of athletes jumping using the “roll” method, these restrictions put the athlete in difficult conditions, especially since the position of the jumper above the bar was considered a violation if the shoulders and arms overtook the legs and pelvis (the so-called “dive”). The judges were forced to fix the order of touching the ground, lying on the ground. In the mid-1930s, the rules were changed; it was possible to pass through the bar with any part of the body, landing was allowed on any part of the body.

This allowed the appearance of a “flip-over” jumping method with a swing with a straight leg.

The record in this way was set by Leicester Steers in 1941 (lasted more than ten years). Then it was improved by C. Dumas, Y. Stepanov, J. Thomas and V. Brumel - the record was brought to 2m 28 cm. Domestic coaches and athletes played a big role in the progress of the "flip" method. Coaches Dyachkov V.M., Goykhman P.N. and athletes Brumel V., Yu. Stepanov.

Problems and disputes have arisen related to the transition of jumpers to a new way of jumping. In connection with the advent of foam rubber, in many countries they began to study the jump using the Fosbury method. With the "Fosbury" and "stepping over" method, the torso should have a vertical position. The main idea was that the repulsion time was reduced and was very similar in technique to the long jump, which allowed the athlete to maintain high speeds. So D. Fosbury's jump at the Olympic Games in Mexico City in 1968 made a shocking impression on athletes and judges with his unexpected technique, his result was 2 m 24 cm, which was a new Olympic record. Regarding the result of Dick Fosbury, the opinions of officials and judges were mixed. The main rule was decisive: the participant must push with one foot, all his subsequent actions are not regulated! In the period from 1968 to 1980, two methods of high jump dominated, with the world record being held by fans of the "perkyd" and "Fosbury flop".

Then the record was set by P. Metsdorf 2.29cm. Two records of Yashchenko - 2.34 cm, 2.35 cm (indoor). Two D. Stones records - 2.30cm, 2.31cm using the Fosbury Flop method.

Then the Flop era began with the 1980 Olympic Games in Moscow, where the German athlete Gerd Wessig won with a score of 2.36 cm. After that, the records were set by the following jumpers: several records of the Chinese athlete Zhu Jianhua 2.37, 2.38, 2.39 cm, our Soviet athlete Rudolf Povarnitsyn 2.40 cm, Igor Paklin - 2.41 cm.

In 1993, Jovier Sotomayor set a record of 2.45cm. to date, this record has not been broken.

Athletes outfit. The requirements for clothes and shoes of the jumper were constantly changing. The latest changes to athlete equipment were introduced by the IAAF Technical Committee in 2002, requiring competitors to compete in clean, comfortable opaque clothing.

After these changes, the dress code for men remained practically unchanged, and women switched to a beach dress code so as not to break the law.

According to the shoes of the high jumper, the rules of the 60s determined that the shoes should not have springs or other devices. The sole and heel must have no more than 11 spikes with a diameter of 4 mm and a length of 1 mm. The sole of jumping shoes should not exceed 13 mm, the heel - 19 mm.

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Running high jump- discipline of athletics, related to vertical jumps of technical types. The components of the jump are the run-up, preparation for repulsion, repulsion, crossing the bar and landing.

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✪ Step high jump

✪ High jump 4 classes 2017

Subtitles

rules

High jump competitions take place in a jumping area equipped with a bar on holders and a place for landing. Athlete on preliminary stage and in the final three attempts are given at each height, if there are less than eight participants, then each is given 6 attempts. The athlete has the right to skip a height, while unused attempts at a missed height do not accumulate. If an athlete has made an unsuccessful attempt or two at any height and does not want to jump any more at that height, he can carry over the unused (respectively two or one) attempts to the next heights. The increase in height during the competition is determined by the judges, but it cannot be less than 2 centimeters. An athlete can start jumping from any height, after informing the judges about it.

The distance between the bar holders is 4 m. The dimensions of the landing area are 3 × 5 meters.

When trying, the athlete must push off with one foot. An attempt is considered unsuccessful if:

• As a result of the jump, the bar did not stay on the racks;
• The athlete touched the surface of the sector, including the landing site, located beyond the vertical projection of the near edge of the bar, or between or outside the uprights with any part of his body before he cleared the bar;
• The athlete pushed off with both legs.

A successful attempt is marked by the referee by raising the white flag. If the bar falls off the posts after the white flag has been raised, the attempt is considered valid. Usually the judge fixes the taking of the height not earlier than the athlete left the landing place, but the final decision on the moment of fixing the result formally remains with the judge.

History

Ancient history

The high jump owes its origins not so much to athletics as to gymnastics. In German gymnastic societies, athletes included in their program of performances along with such apparatus as rings, parallel bars, horse, crossbar, and high jumps. And then they jumped from a straight run with two feet forward.

19th century

roll

This method preceded the "flip" [ ] . It differs from the cross-over one in that the athlete, running obliquely to the bar line from the side of the jogging leg, pushes off with the foot closest to the bar and lands on the jogging leg. The method makes it possible to bring the center of mass of the body closer to the bar, but does not ensure its position below the bar, like a “flip-flop” or “fosbury-flop”.

changeover

This method, somewhat similar to jumping on a horse, for the first time made it possible to ensure the position of the center of mass of the jumper below the bar [ ] . When jumping in this way, the athlete scatters in the same way as during the “roll”, pushes off with the foot closest to the bar and lands on the fly leg. When crossing the bar successively with the swing leg and then with the push leg, with a bent body position and a deep “dive” head down behind the bar, the center of mass of the body passes below the bar, which gives an advantage compared to stepping at the level of results of about 200 cm at least 45 centimeters. The author of this method is the Vladimir athlete - Boris Nikolayevich Vzorov [ ] . In 1941, the American Leo Steers conquered a new world record of 2.11 m with this style. The first Soviet world record holder in high jump Yuriy Stepanov, who took 2.16 m in 1957, jumped with this style. Valery Brumel became the star of jumping and world sports, breaking world records six times up to 2.28 m. Brumel was distinguished by an almost perfect jump technique, he was one of the first jumpers to take the hip of the push leg away from the bar and began to land on his side and back, which required an increase in the layer of sand or sawdust in the landing pit, and then using a rubber and foam sponge. With a height of only 185.5 cm, Brumel jumped 42.5 cm above his own height.

The last world record holder already in the era of the next style (1978) was Vladimir Yashchenko (USSR), jumping 2.35 m.

fosbury flop

When jumping in this way, the athlete runs obliquely along a wide arc from the side of the fly leg (as when “stepping over”) so that in the process of repulsion to create a torque to turn the body back to the bar. During the repulsion of the farthest from the bar, with the pushing leg, the pelvis turns around, and, flying up, the athlete turns his back to the bar, successively transferring parts of the body through the bar, which is an undeniable biomechanical advantage. While doing correct transition planks, the shoulders fall behind the bar on one side, and the legs are held on the other, which achieves the position of the center of mass of the body below the bar. When the pelvis also passes over the bar, the hip joints quickly flex and the legs straighten. The jumper falls on his back, legs are straight. The center of mass of the athlete, when passing the body over the bar, passes under it.

This method was invented by an American athlete named: Dick (Richard) Fosbury when he was 16 years old. In 1968, at the Summer Olympics in Mexico, Dick Fosbury won the Olympic gold medal using a new method by setting a new Olympic record(2.24 meters).

In the USSR, he was unpopular for a long time, including due to the fact that there were not enough foam mats for landing. Jumping in the same way fosbury-flop (or fosbury-flop) in the sand was extremely traumatic. The first athlete from the USSR, who began to use the fosbury flop, was Kestutis Shapka. He slightly modified the bar attack by throwing the arm closest to the bar up. Almost all modern high jumpers, including world record holder Javier Sotomayor (2.45), use the Fosbury flop style.

Modern history

The high jump is also very popular with women. They have been included in the program of the Olympic Games since 1928 and in the program of the World and European Championships from the very beginning of their holding. The first woman to break the 2-meter line was Rosemary Ackerman ().

At the 2013 World Championships in Moscow, the Ukrainian athlete Bohdan Bondarenko won with a jump height of 2 m 41 cm, and made an attempt to set a new world record at a height of 2 m 46 cm, but this height did not submit to him.

Famous athletes

Records

	Record	Height	Athlete	The country	date of	A place
Men	World	245 cm	Javier Sotomayor	Cuba Cuba	July 27, 1993	Salamanca, Spain
	Global (indoor)	243 cm	Javier Sotomayor	Cuba

High jumps with a run - a type of athletics, characterized by short-term muscular efforts of an "explosive" nature, which has many varieties (methods). The main ones are "stepping", "wave", "roll", "flip" and "fosbury flop". Most effective ways jumps are "flip" and "fosbury flop".

Compared to some other types of athletics, the history of the development of the high jump is short. The Olympic Games of antiquity did not know this sport. Only at the beginning of the XIX century. in Europe, a gymnastic jump appeared, which was performed from a straight run. In the book of the English author D. Walker "Male Exercises", published in 1843, it is mentioned that a good high jumper can jump 5 feet (1.52 m), a first-class one - 5.5 feet (1.67 m), and exceptional - by 6 feet (1.83 m). However, the first high jump result officially registered in 1864 in England by R. Michl was only 1.67 m.

The first period in the history of jumping is characterized by the use of irrational technique. Athletes overcame the bar either from a straight run, squeezing their legs, or running up at an acute angle and making scissor-like movements with their legs. The latter method is called "scissors" or "stepping over". Using it, the British T. Little and D. Rownell managed to overcome a height of 1.82 m, which was significant at that time, and in 1887 the American W. Page set a world record (1.93 m).

American athletes began the second period in the development of the high jump - a period of improving the technique of crossing the bar by positioning as low as possible
BCT of the body at the time of the jump. There is a new way to cross the bar - East American ("wave"). Using this method, M. Swinney in 1896 set a world record
(1.97 m), which lasted for 17 years.

However, a two-meter height was destined to be overcome by an athlete who used a different way of jumping. This was done in 1912 by Stanford University student D. Horain. He ran at an acute angle to the bar, as in the "step over", but he pushed off with the foot closest to the bar and crossed over it sideways in a horizontal position. The new way of jumping is now called the "roll". Jumping with a slightly modified "roll", G. Osborne in 1924 improved the world record to 2.04 f, and the winner of the 1936 Olympic Games, K-Johnson, to 2.07 f. A new way of jumping ("flip") in the 30s was demonstrated by the Soviet athlete B. Vzorov. However, at that time it was not widespread in our country. This method was adopted by the Americans. L. Steers (USA), using the "crossover", in 1941 raised the ceiling of the world record to 2.11 fl, and the winner of the XVI Olympic Games in Melbourne, C. Dumas, to 2.15 f. Soviet athletes became true masters of the flip method. It was they who began a new period in the history of high jumps, which is characterized by the improvement of both the run-up, and repulsion, and the transition through the bar. American jumpers preferred a slow run-up, as if sneaking up to the bar and quickly completing only the last 3 steps. Soviet jumpers significantly improved not only the takeoff, but also its combination with repulsion, as well as the transition of the bar. The first defeat to the US jumpers was inflicted by Yu. Stepanov, who set a new world record in 1957 - 2.16 m. For some time, the Negro athlete D. Thomas fought the Soviet athletes, whose record of 2.22 m seemed unattainable. However, at the 1960 Olympic Games in Rome, Thomas was defeated by R. Shavlakadze, and then the record for long years passed into the possession of the remarkable Soviet athlete V. Brumel, who managed to overcome the bar at a height of 2.28 liters. The traditions of V. Brumel were continued by the Soviet jumpers V. Bolshov (2.20 w), V. Skvortsov (2.21 m), V. Gavrilov (2.24 w), R. Akhmetov (2.23 w) and others. At the Olympic Games in Mexico City, the American athlete D. Fosbury won the high jump. He jumped in a new and peculiar way, turning his back to the bar as he took off. He managed to overcome in this way, called the "fosbury flop", a height of 2.24 meters. The flop seemed to be the future. However, the American athlete P. Matzdorf in 1971, jumping "cross over", improved Brumel's record by 1 cm (2.29 f). In 1973, a new world record was set by an American athlete who jumped using the Fosbury flop method, D. Stones (2.30).

A new generation of Soviet jumpers managed to once again take first place in the world. This is convincingly evidenced by the successes of the 1971 European champion K. Shapka and Yu. Tarmak, who showed the best result of the 1972 season (2.25 w) and became the winner of the Olympic Games in Munich (2.23 w).

The Soviet school of high jumps deservedly received recognition all over the world. Soviet coaches V. Dyachkov, Yu. Chistyakov, P. Goykhman, V. Lonsky did a lot to create this school.

The first officially registered world record in women's high jump was set by American athletes D. Shiley and M. Didrikson in 1932 (1.65 w). After that, the record belonged to representatives of a number of countries, including Soviet Union(A. Chudina - 1.73 f in 1954). For a long time, the record was owned by the Romanian athlete I. Balas, who in 1961 raised the record to 1.91 f.

IN last years the strongest in Europe was the Austrian athlete I. Gusenbauer, who won the title of champion of the continent in 1971, and then set a world record (1.92 w). On the eve of the Olympic Games in Munich, jumpers from the GDR R. Schmidt (1.90 m), R. Hildemeister (1.87 w), Romanian I. Popescu (1.87 w) also successfully competed. However, at the Olympics, the 16-year-old schoolgirl from Germany U. Meyfart (1.92 f) unexpectedly became the winner of the competition, and in September 1972 the world record was improved by another two centimeters (1.94 f) by the silver medalist of the Olympic Games, the Bulgarian athlete I Blagoev.

Unfortunately, in recent years, Soviet athletes have somewhat lagged behind their foreign rivals. A. Lazareva, who owns the USSR record (1.88 w), in Munich could not even make it to the final competition.

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High jump technique

The history of the high jump is comparatively short. In the Olympic Games of antiquity, there is no mention of holding competitions in this sport. Only at the beginning of the XIX century. in German turnfereins, a gymnastic jump from a direct run appeared. At the same time, none of the jumps has undergone such changes in technique as in high jumps. Five varieties in this type of jump - "stepping", "wave", "roll", "flip", "fosbury flop" - have passed a relatively short historical path.

The first officially registered result in high jumps in 1864 was 167 cm. Moreover, the takeoff and landing were made on grass. Athletes jumped from a straight run, crossed the bar, pressing their legs, or jumped at an acute angle, performing leg movements with “scissors”. Subsequently, this style was called "stepping over". In 1887, the American W. Page set the first world record - 193 cm.

A significant step forward in the search better style made it possible to create an East American way of jumping (“wave”), by which the American M. Sunney in 1896 set a world record that lasted 16 years - 197 cm. , named after the American jumper D. Horain, who first showed this style. Later, the style was called "roll".

In 1936, D. Olbritton demonstrates a new way of crossing the bar - lying with his stomach to it. Interestingly, back in the 20s. of the same century, B. Vzorov used this method of jumping, but did not receive worthy attention. This style was called "cross over". In 1941, the American L. Steers set a world record in a "flip" way - 211 cm. In 1957, the Soviet athlete Yu. Stepanov set a new world record - 216 cm, interrupting more than seventy years of hegemony of American athletes. And since 1961, the record passed to the remarkable Soviet jumper V. Brumel, who jumped in the "flip" style, and amounted to 228 cm.

In 1968, at the Olympic Games in Mexico City, R. Fosbury (USA) demonstrated a new way of crossing the bar - lying on his back, while winning gold medal. Nowadays, all jumpers and jumpers use this jumping style, as it has been scientifically proven to be effective over all other jumping styles.

To date, the world record in high jump for men belongs to X. Sotomayor (Cuba) - 245 cm, for women - S. Kostadinova (Bulgaria) - 209 cm, jumping in the Fosbury flop style.

Running high jump- acyclic type, requiring the athlete to demonstrate speed-strength qualities, jumping ability, agility, flexibility. It is a coordinatively complex species that places high demands on physical capabilities athletes. Conventionally, this jump can be divided into four main structural phases: 1) run,
2) take off, 3) going over the bar, and 4) landing.

Imagine brief analysis high jump techniques.

The wave method is a style of high jump in which the run-up is performed in a straight line, at an angle to the bar 60-70 ° or at a right angle, and the take-off is made 130-150 cm from the bar. The larger the takeoff angle, the further the repulsion point. The swing is performed with an almost straight leg, freely and widely.

After repulsion, when the shin of the fly leg rises above the bar, the body turns slightly towards the push leg, leaning in the direction of the run: the push leg is slightly bent at the knee joint.

In a position above the bar, when the hip joint of the fly leg crosses its projection, the fly leg vigorously lowers behind the bar with the foot inward. The torso turns with the chest to the bar, the pushing leg is brought inward to the limit and rises as high as possible above the bar. The shoulders, together with the head, lean down towards the run-up. The fly leg and torso form an arc (“wave”) above the bar at the highest point where the pelvis is located. Hands go down or spread apart.

Continuing the arcuate movement, the pushing leg goes down, the jumper turns with his whole chest to the bar, moving his head and shoulders back. The fly leg, bending at the knee, is retracted. Landing is carried out on the push leg with the chest or sideways to the bar (Fig. 8).

Rice. 8. High jump in the "wave" way

The "roll" method is a style of high jump in which the run-up is performed at an angle of 30-45 ° to the bar, and the repulsion occurs with the foot closest to the bar. The swing is performed with a straight leg, which can then be slightly bent at the knee joint. After repulsion, when the shin of the fly leg rises above the bar, the jumper pulls up the push leg, bending it at the hip and knee joints, and presses it against the fly leg. The body leans back along the plank. During takeoff, the jumper is chest to the bar, when his body rises above the bar, he crosses it with the same side as the push leg. Hands simultaneously with a swing of the legs go up, then, when crossing the bar, they lower, helping to turn the body with the chest down. The jumper crosses the bar sideways from the outside of the body. After the transition of the plank, the pushing leg goes down, straightening at the knee joint, but maintaining an obtuse angle at the hip joint. The torso unfolds with the chest, the arms go down, the fly leg is at the level of the torso. Landing occurs on the jogging leg and, if necessary, on the hands (Fig. 9).

Rice. 9. High jump in the "roll" way

The "flip" method is a high jump style in which the run-up is performed at an angle of 25-35 ° to the bar, repulsion is made with the foot closest to the bar. The take-off technique is the same as in the “roll” method. The swing is performed with a straight leg widely and freely, creating a rotational moment already at the initial stage of takeoff. Both arms, slightly bent at the elbows, rise simultaneously with the swing leg. The shoulders and torso are retracted, the jumper takes a position along the bar, chest to it (Fig. 10).

Rice. 10. High jump in the "cross over" way

The push leg bends at the knee and hip joints, the knee is retracted outward, the heel approaches the knee of the fly leg. The jumper crosses the bar with his chest and belly. Due to the movement of the fly leg and the abduction of the push leg outward, a rotational moment is created around the bar. Having taken off above it, the jumper lowers the fly arm and shoulder behind the bar, and takes the opposite shoulder and arm to the side and back behind the back. At the same time, the knee of the pushing leg is retracted, the fly leg is lowered slightly beyond the bar. Landing is carried out on the fly leg and arm, or on the swing part of the body of the jumper, or, with a strong rotational moment, on the back (Fig. 10).

Landing by the above methods of jumping usually took place in a hole with loosened sand, 70 cm high. In order not to get injured, the jumpers had to devote a lot of time to learning the landing technique.

The “stepping over” method is a high jump style in which the run consists of 6-8 running steps, is performed at an angle of 30-45 degrees to the bar, and repulsion is performed with the foot farthest from the bar at a distance of 70-80 cm from the bar projection.

Although this style is the most ancient of all styles, due to its technical simplicity and low demands on landing sites, it is used in schools on physical education classes for children, adolescents and youth who are not involved in athletics, as well as at the stage of initial light athletics.

To determine the place of repulsion, you need to stand sideways to the bar, extend the fly arm, touching the bar with the brush - this will be the desired place of repulsion. When choosing a run, it must be remembered that five normal walking steps will equal three running steps. The push leg is placed in the place of repulsion, almost straight, it should not be too bent at the knee. The swing is performed with a straight leg, which at the highest point can be slightly bent at the knee.

The body is held vertically, the arms are slightly bent in elbow joints, actively rise up and forward to the level of the head. When the swing leg is above the bar, the push leg is pulled up, slightly bent at the knee. The fly leg falls behind the bar, the push leg is transferred through it. At the moment of transferring the push leg, the shoulders turn towards the bar, the push arm is pulled back, helping to take the shoulders and torso away from the bar. Landing is carried out on the fly leg sideways, turning the chest to the bar. You can land in a sand pit raised above the runway surface or, in the conditions of the hall, on a stack of mats. The main thing is that the height of the landing site makes it possible, after crossing the bar, to lower an almost straight fly leg to the landing site. Otherwise, the jumping technique begins to distort, especially in the last part of the flight (Fig. 11).

Rice. 11. High jump in the way of "stepping over"

The “stepping over” style can be used when learning the arcuate run-up technique in the “fosbury flop” for beginner athletes.

For a long time, athletes used the technique of the high jump by the "flip" method. The emergence of a new style was facilitated by the use of new soft materials (foam mats) for the landing site. And despite this, it took almost a decade for the new style to achieve its advantage. Many biomechanical studies of these two styles eventually favored the new modern style.

The Fosbury Flop method is a high jump style in which the first steps of the run are taken in a straight line, almost perpendicular to the plane of the bar, and the last 3-5 steps are taken in an arc, and if the speed is low, then fewer steps are used along arc, and vice versa.

The take-off speed and its length are selected for each jumper individually, depending on the level of his technical skill and physical qualities. The run in this style is characterized by more high speed and arcuate shape. This is explained by the fact that at high speeds on an arc with a small radius, a large centrifugal acceleration occurs, which negatively affects the repulsion efficiency and creates certain difficulties for the jumper. The optimal running speed is related to the number of running steps. Usually the jumper starts the run with a small approach and performs 9-11 running steps. At the beginning of the run, the torso leans forward somewhat, the steps are performed from the front of the foot with a “raking” movement, approaching the long jump in technique. Running steps are performed with a wide free movement, while at the same time holding the foot elastic and high. The takeoff speed picks up immediately and slightly increases towards the end of the run. For leading athletes, the take-off speed is 7.9 - 8.2 m/s.

A complex element of the run-up technique is running on the last steps along an arc, when centrifugal force arises, the magnitude of which depends on the take-off speed, the curvature of the arc and the body weight of the jumper. Under the influence of additional load, the supporting leg straightens more at the knee. This contradicts the problem of lowering the GCM trajectory due to squatting. To counteract this force, the jumper tilts the torso towards the center of the arc. The legs are placed on a full foot to increase grip with the surface of the sector, the feet are placed along the run-up line without turning outward. The hands work asymmetrically: the swing arm (in relation to the leg) moves forward and somewhat inward, the pushing arm moves closer behind the back when moving backward. The length of the last step decreases by 10-15 cm. With the growth of technical skill, it is not the absolute speed of the take-off that acquires importance, but the ability to increase the rate of the last steps of the run.

One of the main elements is preparation for repulsion. This action is performed in the last two steps. The fly leg is placed gently, the jumper, as if rolling on it, actively pushes the body with his foot onto the push leg, ensuring its effective placement in the place of repulsion. The torso maintains an even position, held high. The push leg, straightened at the knee joint, is placed on a full foot parallel to the bar. Muscles are tense. Both arms are laid back, slightly bent at the elbows, shoulders and torso are tilted slightly back and towards the center of the arc.

Of great importance in preparing for effective repulsion is the reduction of GMC in the last two steps of the run. When running in an arc, jumpers show less flexion in knee joints, i.e. higher running position. This is due to the counteraction to additional forces arising under the action of centrifugal force, i.e. running in an arc places higher demands on the athlete's muscles than running in a straight line at the same speed.
With an increase in the speed of running along the arc, the jumper bends the legs at the knees even less, but increases the inclination of the body towards the center of the arc. In order to put the straight push leg forward, it is necessary to lower the GCM, since otherwise the leg will be placed on top, with a shock action, which has a negative effect on repulsion. M. Rumyantseva in the journal "Athletics" suggests using the setting of the legs in the last steps according to the "triangle" principle to reduce the GMC (Fig. 12).

Rice. 12. Takeoff triangle: but And b - penultimate and last steps;

h- triangle height

According to her, setting the legs to the sides lowers the GMC by 2-3 cm. This decrease occurs when the height of the triangle is in the range of 39-45 cm. The higher the qualification, the length of the body of the jumper and the speed of his run along the arc, the greater the height of the triangle. The greater the height of the triangle, the greater the vertical movement of the CCM during the repulsion period. An increase in the vertical movement of the GCM during repulsion, due to its lower position when setting the push leg, makes it possible to significantly increase the result of the jump.

The repulsion begins from the moment the foot is placed in the place of repulsion and ends with the foot leaving the ground. In this main phase of the jump, it is necessary to transfer the horizontal take-off speed to the vertical one, thereby giving the body top speed departure, to create an optimal departure angle and optimal conditions for the rational overcoming of the bar.

After setting the push leg, straightened at the knee joint with tense muscles, under the influence of gravity and takeoff speed, the leg is bent at the knee. In this depreciation phase, the prerequisites for effective repulsion are created.

At the moment of passing the vertical, the angle of flexion in the knee joint is 150-160°, approaching the angle of flexion in long jumps (for comparison: the angle of flexion in the knee when jumping in the "toggle" way is greater and equal to 90-105°). After passing the vertical, active extension of the push leg begins. It is necessary that the forces of the muscles that extend the leg pass through the GCM and the shoulders of the jumper. Max is performed half-bent leg away from the bar, helping the jumper turn his back to the bar. Both hands are actively raised up and forward just above the head. The repulsion time in this style is 0.17–0.19 s, which is almost one and a half times less than in jumps in the "flip" way. The departure angle in the Fosbury flop jumps is 50-60 °: the higher the take-off speed, the smaller the departure angle. After the take-off leg leaves the ground, the flight phase begins.

Flight is technical action, which is aimed at creating optimal conditions for the transition through the bar.

After repulsion, the fly leg descends to the push leg and both legs are bent at the knee joints. The jumper is with his back to the bar. The shoulders are sent over the bar along with the fly arm. The jumper bends in the lower back, taking the position of a “half-bridge” above the bar. The chin is pressed against the chest. When the pelvis is above the bar, the shoulders fall below its level, and the legs rise up, slightly bending at the hips and almost straightening at the knee joints. Attention should be paid to the active straightening of the lower leg at the time of the passage of the GCM bar. The decrease in the BMC and the entire body of the jumper begins. In this part, the jumper must create conditions for a safe landing.

In the high jump, modern landing sites allow you to not think about the landing itself, but this only applies to previous jumping styles. When jumping using the "fosbury flop" method, you must Special attention focus on landing technique. This is due to the fact that the jumper lands on his back or on his shoulders, not seeing the place of landing. Sometimes even minor violations of landing technique lead to various kinds of injuries. You need to immediately teach how to land correctly, especially older children. Fear of landing even on soft mats can discourage young athletes from learning this style of high jump. Landing training is best for children younger age- they are less afraid. Having studied the fall back, in a tuck, with eyes closed, you can proceed to the study of the jump itself.