Kravchenko Denis

Class 10, Krasnoyarsk Cadet Corps named after A.I. Lebed, RF, Krasnoyarsk

Gorelchenkova Olga Alexandrovna

scientific adviser, teacher of the highest category, teacher of history and law, KGBOU KSHI "Krasnoyarsk Cadet Corps" named after A.I. Lebed, RF, Krasnoyarsk

Relevance of the topic. The work of athletes and coaches is regulated by the labor legislation of the Russian Federation. Features of the legal regulation of the work of athletes and coaches are spelled out in chapter 54.1, introduced into the Labor Code of the Russian Federation (hereinafter referred to as the Labor Code of the Russian Federation) by Federal Law No. 13-FZ of February 28, 2008. We believe that at present it is necessary to continue the development of this area of ​​regulation. It should be noted that the legal regulation of the activities of athletes and coaches has already been the subject of scientific research. Meanwhile, the issues of concluding and terminating an employment contract, working hours, wages, providing guarantees and compensations to athletes and coaches have not been sufficiently studied. In this work, we will analyze this area of ​​activity, taking into account the current legislation.

aim This work is an analysis of the regulation of labor relations between athletes and coaches.

Research method. The study is based on the clarification of legal norms.

Practical value. The results of the study can be used in the lessons of social science, law in the study of various topics, for example: "Legal regulation of public relations", "Labor legislation of the Russian Federation".

In our country, a lot of attention is paid to physical culture and sports, which are aimed at improving health and involving all citizens in sports.

In his Address to the Federal Assembly dated December 12, 2012, President of the Russian Federation V.V. Putin said that “in order to encourage people to go in for sports, so that physical education and sports become fashionable, prestigious, we are organizing major international competitions in our country. But this task, the task of going in for sports and physical culture, mass sports, cannot be solved only by holding international sports forums and even increasing the hours of physical education in schools and universities. We need new ways of working."

In 2018 in Russia will pass The FIFA World Cup, and in 2019 the city of Krasnoyarsk will host student sports competitions of the XXIX World Winter Universiade. It should be noted that in this case, not only the construction of new sports facilities, the attraction of large financial and labor resources, but also the effective legal regulation of labor relations are of great importance.

The specifics of the legal regulation of the work of athletes and coaches, established in Chapter 54.1 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, served as the beginning of a new stage in the regulation of sports labor relations. This chapter establishes labor relations with employees whose labor function is to prepare for and participate in competitions in a particular sport (hereinafter referred to as athletes), as well as with employees whose labor function is to conduct training events and manage the activities of athletes to achieve sports results. (hereinafter referred to as coaches) (Article 348.1 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation).

Any employment relationship, including athletes and coaches, is properly formalized, that is, an employment contract is concluded. An employment contract is a contract that defines the employment relationship between an employee and an employer. Sports organizations, being employers, conclude with athletes (coaches) fixed-term employment contracts and contracts for an indefinite period. It should be noted that in special cases (temporary transfer to another employer, suspension from competitions due to sports disqualification or at the request of the All-Russian Sports Federation, assignment to the national teams of the Russian Federation), changes are made to the employment contract of an athlete (coach). The initiator of the termination of the employment contract may be the employer, as well as the athlete (coach) may terminate the employment contract at his own request. In the course of studying the features of concluding, changing and terminating an employment contract, a problem was identified, which consists in the absence in the Labor Code of the Russian Federation of a list of valid reasons for terminating an employment contract at the initiative of an athlete (coach).

Consider the working hours of athletes (coaches). The athlete’s working time includes the time of medical examination, training, rest before the competition, travel to and from the competition venue, participation in competitions, as well as participation in training camps, performance at competitions on weekends and holidays. Therefore, it is very difficult to keep records and rationing of working time, in connection with which an irregular working day is established for athletes (coaches), and the employer keeps records of their actual working hours. In this case, the accounting period is a month, quarter or year. Features of the working time of athletes (coaches), including their involvement in work at night, on weekends and non-working holidays, are established by the internal labor regulations. For example, the internal labor regulations may state that the start and end time of work, a break for rest and meals is determined taking into account training plan and competition calendar. At the same time, the time of the break and its duration are set by Main coach.

Next, we will consider how the remuneration of an athlete (coach) is formed and regulated. The salary of this category of workers is established by the employment contract. It is formed from the official salary and incentive payments (including bonuses) for high performance. The salaries of athletes (coaches) also include various compensation payments. For example, payment of compensation in connection with the relocation of an athlete (coach) to work in another area.

Analyzing chapter 54.1 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, we found out that wages are paid to an athlete (coach) in a general manner, which means at least every half a month. The day of its payment is prescribed in the internal labor regulations, the collective agreement or the employment contract. However, the salary of an athlete (coach) is different and higher than that of any other employee. For example, according to Sport-Express, this year the average annual salary of a football player Russian Premier League amounted to 67 million rubles. Therefore, it is unlikely that the payment of an annual salary in the general manner will be in the interests of an athlete (coach). It should be noted that this chapter of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation does not prescribe the procedure for receiving an annual salary by an athlete (coach).

Also, athletes (coaches) are provided with general and additional guarantees and compensations. Additional guarantees are defined by the Industry Agreement on Organizations of the Ministry of Sports, Tourism and Youth Policy of the Russian Federation for 2012-2014. It is possible to allocate additional guarantees and compensations: for logistical support; vacations; wages; in the field of social security. It should be noted that their goal is to create favorable conditions for athletes and coaches for professional activities.

An analysis of the legal regulation of the labor relations of athletes and coaches helped to reveal the features and identify individual problems in the regulation of their work. Thus, in our country, the features of the legal regulation of the work of athletes and coaches are expressed in the close relationship between labor legislation and the regulations of sports organizations that regulate labor relations and are based on the specifics of the labor activity of this category of workers.

Conclusions:

Summing up, it is important to note that during the study, problems were identified in the regulation of the work of athletes (coaches), namely:

1. the absence in the Labor Code of the Russian Federation of a list of valid reasons for terminating an employment contract at the athlete’s (coach’s) own will;

2. the absence in article 54.1 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation of the procedure for receiving an annual salary by an athlete (coach).

To solve these problems, we propose the following. First, it is necessary to develop and legally approve a single list of valid reasons for terminating an employment contract at will, taking into account the specifics of the work of an athlete (coach), as well as the procedure for receiving an annual salary. Secondly, taking into account the interests of the athlete (coach), oblige the employer to prescribe the terms and amount of the intermediate wage in the employment contract.

We believe that the solution of these problems will lead to an improvement in the legal status and an increase in the level of guarantees for athletes (coaches).

Bibliography:

1. Industry agreement on organizations of the Ministry of Sports, Tourism and Youth Policy of the Russian Federation for 2012-2014 (approved by the Ministry of Sports and Tourism of Russia, the Trade Union of Workers of Physical Culture, Sports and Tourism of the Russian Federation on December 21, 2011).
2. Russian newspaper, No. 287, 12/13/2012.
3. Labor Code of the Russian Federation of December 30, 2001 No. 197-FZ (as amended on November 4, 2014).
4. [Electronic resource] - Access mode. - URL: http://www.sport-express.ru/money/reviews/50922/ (date of access: 12/25/2014).

Ministry of Sports and Tourism of the Republic of Belarus

government agency
"Research Institute of Physical Culture
and sports of the Republic of Belarus"

TIME AND CLIMATIC ADAPTATION OF ATHLETES AT THE FINAL STAGE OF PREPARATION AND DURING THE PERIOD XXIWINTER OLYMPIC GAMES 2010
In VANCOUVER (CANADA)

– Doctor of Medical Sciences, Associate Professor

Reviewer: - Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences and Biological Sciences, Associate Professor

Guidelines "Temporary and climatic adaptation of athletes at the final stage of training and during the XXI winter Olympic Games 2010 in Vancouver (Canada)" were developed in accordance with the Program for the preparation of Belarusian athletes for the XXI Olympic Winter Games 2010 in Vancouver (Canada) (instruction of the President of the Republic of Belarus Lukashenko A. G dated 01.01.2001 No. 24/211- 40) and by the decision of the Board of the Ministry of Sports and Tourism and the Executive Committee of the National Olympic Committee of 01.01.01, No. 14, protocol / 12 "On the results of the participation of Belarusian athletes in the XX Winter Olympic Games 2006 in Turin (Italy)".

Science-Based Simulation of Starts Winter Olympics 2010, taking into account temporary adaptation, will allow to carry out qualified work on the formation, development and improvement of the basic qualities of preparedness of athletes, the implementation of the maximum functionality of members of national teams in a competitive environment.

Increasing the level of scientific, methodological and biomedical support for the preparation of national teams in sports for participation in the Olympic Games, World Championships, Europe and other major international competitions will also ensure that athletes are oriented towards achieving high sports results.

INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………………………………
1. ADAPTATION OF ATHLETES TO EXTREME ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS…………………………………………………………………………………
1.1. Mechanisms of adaptation of the human body………………………………………….
1.2. Signs of adaptation to various environmental conditions…………………….
1.3. Training and competitive activity of athletes in various environmental conditions……………………………………………………………………………
1.4. Hyperthermic reactions of the body of athletes (adaptation to low ambient temperature)………………………………………………………………….
1.5. Climato-geographical and temporal adaptation of athletes of the highest qualifications at the stage of direct precompetitive preparation……………
2. FEATURES OF TIME AND CLIMATIC ADAPTATION OF ATHLETES FOR THE CONDITIONS OF THE XXI WINTER OLYMPIC GAMES 2010 IN VANCOUVER, CANADA…………………………………………………………….
2.1. Geographical and climatic conditions in Vancouver (Canada). Olympic Venues………………………………………………………………………………….
2.2. Flight……………………………………………………………………………………..
2.3. Nutrition……………………………………………………………………………………..
2.4. Organization suggestions training process taking into account the factors of temporal and climatic adaptation to the conditions of winter Olympic Games 2010 …………………………………………………………………………..
3. CONCLUSION………………………………………………………………………………..

INTRODUCTION

Currently, a modern athlete has to train and compete in various climatic and geographical conditions. Holding the largest competitions and especially on a planetary scale in various regions of the world puts athletes in front of the need to adapt to huge training and competitive loads in conditions of extreme temperatures, high humidity, and the influence of various weather factors. Flights to competition sites with a large number of time zones changing and the effect of the so-called temporary stress on the athlete's body.

Understanding the mechanisms of adaptation can help improve the methodology of sports training in preparation for competitions in various climatic and geographical conditions.

When defining adaptation, it should be taken into account that it is understood as a process and as a result:

Adaptation is used to refer to the process by which an organism adapts to external or internal environmental factors;

Adaptation is used to refer to the relative equilibrium that is established between the organism and the environment;

Adaptation is understood as the result of an adaptive process.

Adaptive reactions of the human body (adaptation reactions) are divided into urgent and long-term, congenital and acquired. Increased breathing or redistribution of blood flow in response to physical activity, an increase in the threshold of auditory perception during noise, an increase in heart rate during mental arousal, etc. - this is all urgent congenital reactions. With training, they can only be changed, then as urgent acquired reactions(for example, complex technical-tactical skills) owe their very existence to education and training.

Long-term adaptation occurs gradually, as a result of prolonged or repeated action on the body of certain stimuli. In fact, long-term adaptation develops on the basis of repeated implementation of urgent adaptation and is characterized by the fact that as a result of the gradual quantitative accumulation of certain changes, the body acquires a new quality - from an unadapted one it turns into an adapted one.

Adaptation to physical activity is carried out mainly due to the reserve functionality. Functional and structural changes during adaptation were the basis of the theory of Selye's general adaptation syndrome (named after the Canadian scientist who determined its content). Selye's general adaptation syndrome is a complex of non-specific reactions of the body to the action of an irritant.

Adaptive changes, which are the body's response to external influences, can proceed in several directions:

1) accumulation of structural elements of organs and tissues, providing an increase in their functional reserve;

2) improvement of the coordination structure of movements;

3) improvement of regulatory mechanisms that ensure the coordinated activity of various components of the functional system;

4) mental adaptation to the peculiarities of competitive activity, means of training influence, conditions of training and competitions.

Motor activity and physical activity cause a number of effects leading to training, to the perfection of adaptive-regulatory mechanisms:

Economizing effect (reduction of oxygen cost of work, more economical activity of the heart, etc.);

Antihypoxic effect (improvement of blood supply to tissues, a greater range of pulmonary ventilation, an increase in the number of mitochondria, etc.);

Anti-stress effect (increased stability of the hypothalamic-pituitary system, etc.);

- mutations.

Thermoregulation (heat, cold, humidity).

Nutrition (enzymatic processes), hunger, water balance (thirst).

Pharmacology, hormonal status, ergogenetics.

Immunity.

Muscle tension, motor activity.

Psyche (emotions, anxiety, experiences, fear, etc.).

Circadian rhythms (desynronosis).

Lifestyle.

But at the same time, evolutionary processes of adaptation, depending on the complex of stress factors, are provided by “selective activation” (L. E. Armstrong, A. V. McArdle, M. R. Y. Katch, J. L. Katch) of the activity of the central nervous system, vegetative functions and motor behavior. These phenomena can be illustrated by the data in Table. 2, where (as an example) the multidirectional mobilization of some hormones is shown depending on the specifics of physical activity - the duration and intensity of motor activity.

Table 2 - Qualitative characteristics of hormonal activity during certain types of physical activity (A. V. McArdle a. F. Toates)

Hormones	Blood concentrationduring physical work
short, high intensity	long, low intensity
Adrenaline (epinephrine)	rises	Without expressed changes
Norepinephrine (norepinephrine)	Without expressed changes	rises
cortisol	rises	Without expressed changes
A growth hormone	Without expressed changes	rises
thyroxine
Prolactin

However, the shown general biochemical (hormonal, LE Armstrong, MRY Katch) picture of muscle tension is not a target function, and is only an estimate (JL Katch) and reflects the phenomenology of: a) individual characteristics of the organism (, SR Bloom, RHJohnson, DM Park, JO Holloszy et al.) and b) only the "orientation" of processes (F. Gyntelberg, LL Rennie, RC Hicksona. JO Holloszy).

Adaptive responses, as responses to the action of various stressors of the external and internal environment, largely depend on the specific “localization of influences” (C. Blatteis, MJ Fregly) and evolutionarily manifest themselves at the level of various regulated systems - cellular, tissue, organ, systemic, organismal (Table 3).

Table 3 - Localization levels of the adaptive response

Characteristic	Localization impact	Character reactions	Time formation and development	Examples
Acquired in ontogeny	Cells, tissues (molecular level)	Biochemical, membrane processes, activation energy		Hormonal regulation, enzyme activity, metabolism (metabolism and energy)
	Tissues, organs	Formation of structure and interaction	hours, days,	hyperplasia, hypertrophy
	Organ systems, body	functional development		Cardiovascular respiratory and other systems
Congenital (genetically determined)	population	Genotype, mutagenesis	Years, generation	Natural selection

These data indicate that the achievement of homeostasis, the maintenance of vital and functional manifestations, the corresponding motor behavior of the body through "adaptation, acclimatization and adaptation" (, C. L. Prosser) is carried out at all levels of physiological integration. However, the sensitivity of various tissues and organs to adequate regulation of variable parameters of various stressors is determined mainly by:

a) the biological activity of the tissue (at the molecular and cellular levels), responsive to the effects of various factors of the internal and external environment;

b) the functional state of the organ or system;

c) their virtual lability, i.e. mobility, ability to expedient (in the general biological, physiological sense) functioning and "interrelated with this ... the limits of fluctuations in vital activity parameters" (C. L. Prosser);

d) features of the meteorological situation;

e) the physical conditions of the environment and the nature of the stressors.

These components of the adaptation mechanism and the final effect of its formation determine the formation of a stronger stabilization of the parameters of the internal environment, the level of vital activity and motor behavior (motor activity). To a certain extent, these effects are also determined by "criteria for the perfection of one or another form or stage of adaptation" (, C. L. Prosser, K. Schmidt-Nielsen).

Creating the prerequisites for the study of the "evolution of the adaptation of physiological processes", and the staff of his school substantiated the significance of "new elements" (cerebellum, limbic system of the cerebral cortex) in the activity of the central nervous system (CNS) in the regulation of various body functions during adaptation to external conditions of existence. In this context, the very concept of habitat has become much more complicated precisely in connection with the allocation of both physical (stress, material) and its signal factors that affect the human body when the environment changes.

Translating to the level of formation of conditioned reflexes, modifying in the process of adaptation the activity of individual organs and systems (digestive, cardiorespiratory, blood system, etc.), as well as the general vital activity of the organism (general metabolism and energy, carbohydrate and protein balance), comp. established specific adaptive patterns of relationships between the external environment and the body. These empirical concepts were supplemented and developed, who proposed, when studying the phenomenology of human adaptation processes, to include ideas about the significance of the “adequacy of natural stimuli” (stressors - author) in the formation of the so-called “unconditioned reflex activity” of the body and the formation of “conditioned adaptation reflexes”. These studies made it possible to reveal a rather complex relationship between the adaptive properties of the nervous system (excitability, reflection, strength, reactivity, lability of nervous processes, etc.), the level of biological organization, and environmental conditions.

Getting into special environmental conditions, or specially creating them in the cultural conditions of life ( Olympic Movement, physical culture and sports activities, training of qualified athletes, intense competitions and the training process), a person not only consciously greatly complicates many issues of his own adaptation (natural adaptation) to natural environmental factors (PM Baevsky, DA. Biryukov, ESE Hafez), but also through the choice of adequate methods of action (, Ts. Zhelyazkov, X. Sozansky) effectively solves these problems.

1.2. Signs of adaptation to various environmental conditions

Depending on the nature of the physiological adaptation syndrome (phenomena are shown in Tables 1 and 2), the direction, intensity and duration of the impact of various stressors and their complexes on the body, specialists in environmental physiology (environmental physiology) distinguish several types (as a physiological definition) or stages (in researched aspect as a definition of organizational and methodological purpose) of adaptation. This is shown in Table. 9 (revised by CJ. Eagan, J. S. Hart, H J. Hensel a. G. Hildebrandt, F. V. Hill, S. Itoh, C. L. Prosser).

From the point of view of evolutionary doctrine (, Ch. Darwin, and others), all adaptation processes (genetic, acclimatization and acclimation, habituation, individual, species and population, selective) for "... many thousands and millions of years proceeded ... with intensive metabolism (intensive metabolism and energy) and included chemical (biochemical auth.) evolution” (CL Prosser).

Table 4 - Types (stages) of adaptation

Types (stages) adaptation	Time formation	stressors and their complexes	Adaptation Criteria (effects and examples)
genetic	An extremely slow process involving a number of generations (thousands and millions of years)	natural (natural) environmental factors. Mutagenesis	Rearrangements of the organism's genetic material - in chromosomes, genes
Acclimatization	hours, weeks, months, years	Natural, climatic, seasonal (weather). "Artificial Control Environment"	Temporal compensations, “normalization of stresses” (thermo- and cardiogenesis, homeostasis, hormonal dynamics, CNS activity, programmed and adaptive stereotypes of motor behavior, etc.)
acclimation	Minutes, hours, days, (weeks)	The impact of a separate (single) factor	tissue adaptations. Conditioned reflexes. Urgent (acute) adaptation (to heat, cold, oxygen deficiency, etc.)
addictive	Temporal and actual effects of stressors	The impact of individual (partial) and complexes of factors	Decrease in responses, mainly CNS, metabolism

It is in this way that the mechanisms of human survival and maintenance of life have ensured its “adaptive evolution”. In constantly changing environmental conditions, this adaptation was formed and improved, including various biophysical structures and physiological levels of the body - molecular, cellular, tissue, etc., and "at the macro level - ... in the specific regulation of homeostasis, nervous and hormonal mechanisms" .

At the level of the whole organism, adaptation processes are carried out with a change in morphological and functional characteristics, vegetative functions and motor behavior. Physiologists, biophysicists, ecologists, biologists, etc. - recognize that the most important adaptations of organisms to environmental conditions are thermal, osmotic, redox and nutritional (enzymatic). All these physiological and biochemical adaptations are characteristic of all living beings without exception ... In other words, "when the body adapts to the external environment, it behaves as a single whole" (). On this occasion, the well-known evolutionary biologist CL Prosser wrote that from the point of view of adaptation to the environment, one can use the term " homeostasis»(homeostasis. - Auth.) Not only to refer to maintaining the constancy of the internal environment, but also to refer to maintaining the constancy of energy, working capacity , maintaining oneself (depending on the parameters of the external environment).

Thus, constantly being or getting into specific environmental conditions, which can be physical culture and sports activities in general, long-term training of highly qualified athletes, intense competitions and the training process, in real sports activity a person consciously solves many issues of adaptation to natural environmental factors through choice of "adequate, most effective ways action” (, X. Sozanski).

At present, effective sports activities, modern training of highly qualified athletes has a set of necessary methodological techniques, activities, methods, sports, methodological and biomedical technologies to ensure the "rational course of adaptation processes during various human movements" (). The effectiveness of competitive activity and training of athletes is ensured by the practical implementation of the shown mechanisms of adaptation and all the features of the adaptive reactions of athletes in various climatic and geographical conditions of stay.

1.3. Training and competitive activity of athletes
the highest qualification in various environmental conditions

It is known that climatic factors can significantly complicate the performance of athletes in competitions, especially in sports that require a long-term manifestation of high (ultimate) physical performance. Under these conditions, with intense muscular activity (work mainly of an aerobic and aerobic-anaerobic nature), the main factor limiting its continuation (working productivity) is overstrain, partial or complete failure of the executive organs of the thermoregulation system (, J. H. Wilmora. D. L. Costill).

Therefore, the main reasons that can negatively affect the general well-being, physical performance and performance results of athletes in important competitions can be considered the impact of various (high and low) ambient temperatures. In table. 5 shows weather classes; This classification is based on the assessment of the thermal state of a person according to the “weighted average skin temperature close to the temperature of the forehead skin”. It is by this indicator that the “comfortable thermal state” of a person () is determined.

Table 5 – Weather classes*

Class	Temperatureskin, °С	Thermal sensations	Sweating, g/h	Temperature
		very hot		excessive
		very warm		moderate
		comfortable		missing
		chilly
				moderate
		very cold
		extremely cold		excessive

* In the table: 1–4– the degree of influence of weather (ambient air temperature) on a person; T– warmX – cold weather.

Weather classes K, 1-T, 1-X are the most favorable (comfortable) for normal life. The intensity of impact on the body of weather class 2-T and 2-X is defined by experts as "training weather" - they are usually used for hardening procedures. The "extreme" weather classes: 3-4-T and 3-4-X are uncomfortable and have a "large and excessive temperature load."

The competitive activity of athletes of the highest qualification, as a rule, takes place in any weather, except, perhaps, class 4-X, when “it is very cold and the temperature load on the body is excessive” (L. E. Armstrong, BJ. Noble, S. Stromme).

1.4. Hypothermic reactions of the body of athletes
(adaptation to low ambient temperatures)

The adaptation of the athlete's body to various temperature changes in the external environment is mainly reduced to specific, multidirectional reactions of two types (,): removal from the body, dissipation of the produced heat at high temperatures and its preservation (heat) at low temperatures.

The evolution of man has led to the fact that in the existing environmental conditions, his normal life without the use of any additional devices: clothing, housing, heating, heaters, etc. etc., proceeds within their temperature limits:

a) the "basic regulatory" parameter of homeostasis of the internal environment of the human body within 36–37 (36.6) ° С;

6) “...full-fledged human life under conditions of basal metabolism is carried out within the range of 18–22 ° C” (, AD Slonim).

At the same time, a greater efficiency of intensive motor activity of a person is noted at lower ambient temperatures. It has been established (E. M. Haymesetal., WJ Mills) that the mechanical performance of physical work performed at a heart rate of 130–150 beats / min (aerobic work) is significantly higher at an ambient temperature of 15–17 ° C, and work at a pulse rate of 165-180 beats / min, it is most effective at 13-14 ° C (and, U. Berghetal., JR Sutton).

In a normal human body, any deviations in the temperature of the external environment relative to the optimal values ​​\u200b\u200bof full-fledged life activity (,) leads to "selective elimination of the thermal imbalance in the temperatures of the external and internal environments" (U. Berghetal., E. M. Haymeset ;il., W. J. Mills, J. R. Sutton). These physiological dependencies are manifested in the fact that with an increase in external temperature, the rate of heat production and heat transfer of the body increases, and with a decrease in ambient temperature, mechanisms of the opposite property operate - the body actively produces and retains "metabolic heat" (, E. M. Haymeset al., JR Satton).

In the evolutionary development of man, nature has formed such a method of thermoregulation of the body, the exceptional efficiency of which allows not only to survive, but also to ensure the necessary constancy of the internal environment when the temperature of the external environment changes, as well as during intense motor activity.

With such an interactive interaction of the “organism-environment” system, the level of the thermoregulatory mechanism () is reached, at which highly qualified athletes in normal natural and geographical conditions demonstrate the highest performance and endure “physiologically high” (B. C. Farfel) training and competitive loads without additional effort. The possible dynamic imbalance of these thermoregulatory mechanisms towards the accumulation of excess heat in the body or its significant loss in most cases is due to a pronounced decrease in overall sports performance - the mechanical performance of motor actions, the manifestation of physical qualities, as well as a noticeable violation of the rational structure of the technique of sports exercises, etc. But in such cases, hyperthermic injuries are not excluded (in athletics - long-distance running, marathon and race walking, in cycling - road racing, in sports games- tennis, football, etc.) and hypothermic (cross-country skiing and cycling races, sports swimming for long distances and marathon swims, i.e. athletes competing in cold and wet, wet weather).

Various parameters of the temperature external environment of motor activity modify the "sports physiology and biochemistry of the internal processes of the body" (W. J. Finketal.). Some of them are shown in fig. 1-4, where hyper- and hypothermic reactions are replicas of the meteorological complex of the environment: atmospheric air temperature from 4 to 35°C and relative humidity 56%.

Figure 2 - Dynamics of O2 consumption in the test (see Fig. 1) at different ambient temperatures

Figure 4 - Skin temperature during work in the test at different tоС of the ambient air (see Fig. 1)

Under hypothermic conditions in the body, heat production is reflexively mobilized due to contractile (increased muscle tone, muscle trembling) and non-contractile thermogenesis, as well as biochemical thermoregulation. There is an increased breakdown of ATP, glycogen, adipose tissue (brown fragments) with the activation of enzymatic processes and increased consumption of energy substrates (, J. Le Blanc et al.).

The risk of freezing (in the everyday sense), physical hypothermia, especially unprotected parts of the body, increases with a combination of exposure to low ambient temperatures and wind blowing at different speeds. In table. Figure 6 shows the degrees of risk of hypothermia, equivalent to the effects of the “complex: real ambient temperature + wind speed” (L. E. Armstrong, D. Milesko-Pytel).

Based on these data, it can be concluded that in the absence of wind at low speeds of its movement, the risk of cooling the body, as well as frostbite of its individual (open) areas, is low even at relatively low air temperatures (18–22°C). With an increase in wind strength (speed of 9.0 m/s or more) and as the temperature of the atmospheric air decreases, even with any humidity, the risk of hypothermic injury increases greatly.

Table 6 - Equivalent temperatures for meteorological factors: actual air temperature and wind speed (revised)

Ambient temperature air, C	Equivalent air temperature, °С at wind speed, m/s
	1. Low risk:
	2. Average (increased) risk:
	3. Big risk:

The data of this table should certainly be taken into account when conducting sports competitions on the ground ( cross running, cross-country skiing and biathlon, speed skating, etc.) at low air temperatures (of course, with appropriate humidity and wind speed) and during training work.

The reactions of metabolism and energy to the cold effects of low temperatures are manifested in an increase in metabolism in skeletal muscles and internal organs, an increase in the concentration of free fatty acids in the blood (, A. Barton and O. Edholm,). The threshold decrease in the temperature of muscles and internal organs (below the physiologically determined optimal values) leads to a significant decrease in the level of maximum oxygen consumption (for every 1 °C - 5–6%), heart rate (by 7–8 bpm) and cardiac ejection (stroke and minute volume of blood). As a result of these physiological changes, there is a decrease in the overall sports performance and mechanical performance of intense motor activity (aerobic nature by 16–20%), as well as a decrease in its effectiveness (U. Bergh et al.). In contrast to hyperthermic effects, exercise performed under hypothermic environmental conditions, as follows from the data in Fig. 1-4, the metabolic breakdown of total glycogen (muscles, liver and other organs) is noticeably lower, as well as less intense formation of lactic acid, which naturally limits the manifestation of the performance of highly qualified athletes and in aerobic-anaerobic conditions (by 12–15%) .

At the same time, numerous studies (D. Costill, S. Dulac, LG Pugh, JH Wilmore et al.) found that intense physical activity is "... an excellent, very effective regulator of the negative effects of a hypothermic nature on improving work efficiency" ( E. M. Haymes, W. J. Mills et al.).

Thus, intense motor activity in combination with cold loads provides more effective adaptation of both the actual thermoregulatory mechanisms and physical work in conditions of low ambient temperatures. It is under such conditions that competitions are held under the programs of the Winter Olympic Games and other major competitions - championships and World Cups, Europe, Grand Prix stages, Winter Spartakiads and Universiades, etc.

In this regard, experts note that the intense competitive and training activities of highly qualified athletes are a much less difficult problem compared to training in hot weather (). The fact is that the thermogenesis of an athlete's body in a hypothermic environment can be more effectively regulated - the attributes of control in this case will be: a) appropriate equipment, b) adequate physical (training and competitive) loads, c) optimization of their distribution in micro- and mesocycles preparation; and d) an appropriate diet.

Application effective options warm-ups (various ways of warming up the body);

Rational planning of physical work of varying intensity and duration, preventing hypothermia;

Control of external (environment) and internal body temperature, skin temperature, pedagogical and biomedical observations of the activity of the musculoskeletal system and the reactions of the respiratory and cardiovascular systems.

Thus, the specific natural-geographical, climatic, weather, ecological and other conditions shown above, the time parameters characteristic of the period of the largest competitions, as well as the possible reactions of the athlete's body to the impact of physical environmental factors, the X-hour trend in various ( east-west and north-south) directions give grounds to determine the range of organizational and methodological problems that athletes, coaches, specialists have to solve in order to achieve the state of the highest competitive readiness of athletes and ensure their successful performances in these competitions. Taking into account these factors, a very important stage of direct precompetitive training (ENPP) of highly qualified athletes should be built.

Thus, it was revealed that the impact of unusual environmental factors can significantly change the nature of sports activities of athletes, specifically modifying the manifestation of physical performance, neuropsychic state, "sports performance". In this regard, the definition and practical implementation of adequate sports and methodological technologies for training athletes at ENPP, and especially during the period of acclimatization and temporary adaptation to new conditions of competitive activity, is of particular relevance. Particular attention should also be paid to the problems of recovery of athletes, correction and optimization of their physical performance, taking into account the circadian rhythms of metabolic processes to ensure intense muscle activity.

However, once again it should be emphasized that well-trained, perfectly functionally trained athletes are easier, faster and more efficient to adapt to unusual environmental conditions.

1.5. Climatic-geographical and temporal adaptation of athletes
highest qualification at the stage of direct precompetitive preparation

Optimization of the general strategy for preparing highly qualified athletes for major competitions implies the need to develop and constantly adjust the content and structure of sports and methodological technologies used in training work at the stage of direct precompetitive preparation (ENPP), taking into account the patterns of natural and geographical acclimatization and temporal adaptation in conditions of a sharp change mode of life when moving athletes to new places of training and competitive activity.

This must be done, firstly, in order to ensure "... a smooth, harmless, biologically expedient inclusion in the competitive rhythm of the Olympics and other major competitions" (, Ts. Zhelyazkov,), and secondly, so that at the early stages of preparation work out (simulate) the most appropriate options for the adaptation of athletes and teams to new climatic and geographical conditions of stay and competitive activity.

Based on the results of experimental studies shown above, several fundamentally different strategies for preparing athletes for Olympic and other starts have been developed, in which the main emphasis is on the narrowly focused use of individual moments in the development of temporal and climatic adaptation or on their complex application in the process of preparation at the final stage of preparation for competitions.

1. Strategy of acute adaptation.

This option of preparing for the competition provides for arriving at the competition site right before the starts, so that participation in the competition falls on the first 2 days, when the negative consequences of the “acute break in the daily regime and the impact of specific climatic and geographical factors” (.) have not yet reached that critical the level beyond which it becomes impossible to compensate them by mobilizing the body's reserve capabilities. Activation of immune functions during this period allows you to maintain a fairly high tone of life and maintain a normal level of performance (, B. C. Levando,).

For this training option, it is extremely important to choose the right tactics for the behavior of athletes during a flight to other (Australian, Asian, American, etc.) continents with a quick inclusion in a new mode of activity (daily routine) immediately after arrival, as well as the use of special measures to normalize sleep on the eve of responsible starts.

The strategy of such acute adaptation with the greatest effect can be implemented in speed-strength sports and individual sports disciplines, which are distinguished by the transience of tournament struggle.

2. Strategy for long-term adaptation.

In contrast to the above option of training highly qualified athletes, the strategy of long-term adaptation involves early arrival at the places of training and competitive activities (for example, in Sydney or other cities in Australia, Salt Lake City, Beijing, Vancouver, etc.) with the required amount of training work before the main starts and the implementation of special events that accelerate the development of adaptation to new conditions of stay. To complete long-term adaptation, at least 1-1.5 weeks of preparation will be required (this is advisable when changing a fairly large number of time zones - from 6 or more).

This training option with the greatest effect can be implemented in sports with a predominant manifestation of endurance and in sports all-around ( ski race, biathlon, etc.).

3. Strategy of separate adaptation.

In this variant of preparation for responsible starts, an early move to the “competition continent” (s) is used to conduct training in the same time zone, but in more favorable climatic conditions.

This training option requires a strict linkage of training plans and programs at the first stage of adaptation (during the period of acute temporary acclimatization) with subsequent activities and the timing of their implementation during the period of direct preparation for the starts in order to avoid a decrease in performance during the development of adaptation to local conditions. But it should be pointed out that in addition to this, this preparation option is also associated with large material and financial costs.

4. Re-adaptation strategy.

The option of re-adaptation of highly qualified athletes to new conditions of training and competitive activity involves repeated trips for training and participation in competitions in areas similar in their climatic features to the expected conditions.

Full coincidence of time zones with this training option is not mandatory. The necessary development of adaptation to new conditions of stay with this option is achieved if the duration of stay in specific conditions at each next trip to training camps or to participate, for example, in pre-Olympic test competitions will be at least 1.5-2 weeks .

In experimental studies, it was found that a pronounced effect from re-adaptation is achieved when the number of such trips is at least 2-3 times. Breaks between these trips should be about 2-4 weeks, so that with each return to the usual climatic and geographical conditions, reacclimatization could be successfully completed. In this case, an "active training effect of adaptation" is formed (, et al.).

It has been established that athletes who have experience of repeated acclimatization to new conditions of stay are more stable in most physiological functions and experience less changes in working capacity upon arrival in their climatic and geographical conditions than athletes who used other training strategies for ENPP.

5. Strategy of complex adaptation.

This type of adaptation of athletes is based on the fact that in the course of preparation for the Olympic and other important starts, the principle of transferring positive adaptive changes in the body achieved in response to previous stressful effects of a different nature, and not only to extreme changes in environmental parameters, temporary trend and other factors.

For these purposes, preliminary training in mountainous areas (middle mountain conditions), training using heat and pressure chambers, special hypoxicators, as well as specialized training using physiotherapeutic, dietary and pharmacological agents (with collaborators) can be successfully used. This option of training at ENPP is the most difficult in organizational terms. Its implementation becomes possible only with the availability of technical means and pharmacological preparations (adaptogens), as well as certain experience in conducting special events under close medical supervision (,).

But when developing and testing all options for temporal and climatic-geographical adaptation of athletes, it should be noted once again that the main factor for successful adaptation to difficult (extreme) conditions of a particular area should be considered high fitness in the chosen sport. According to the mechanism of cross-adaptation, factors that ensure high general and special performance of an athlete can also be used in the process of developing adaptation to a specific climate and weather conditions of almost any (Australian, Asian, American, etc.) continent, region, country ... The one who is better trained in his chosen sport (sports discipline), as a rule, adapts better to these conditions (,).

In table. Figure 7 presents the options for the adaptation strategy of highly qualified athletes, developed on the basis of the results of pedagogical experimental studies, pedagogical observations, analysis of “medical and biological factors for the manifestation of athletes’ sports performance” (with colleagues) during different periods of athletes’ training at ENPP.

Table 7 - The adaptation strategy of highly qualified athletes (options)

Strategy	Main tasks	Timing and duration	a brief description of
1. Sharp adaptation	Ensuring successful performance in competitions	2-3 days immediately before the start of the competition	Urgent compensation of stress factors is carried out due to the existing functional reserves of the body, emotional background, novelty of the situation, activation of immune functions. Effective in speed-strength sports and sports disciplines with a short competition time (this strategy can be implemented in archery, weightlifting, athletics jumping and throwing, etc.)
2. Long-term adaptation	1. Efficient acclimatization to local weather conditions. 2. Positive time adaptation at and over an hourly trend	Stay in the new conditions for at least days from the moment of arrival and before the start of the competition	This option provides for the required number of training sessions and special measures to accelerate adaptation. Practices are held during competition hours. It is advisable to use in sports related mainly to the manifestation of endurance
3. Separate adaptation	1. Carrying out preliminary adaptation in the same time zone, but with less psychological tension. 2. Ensuring successful performance in competitions	The duration of preliminary adaptation is up to 2-3 weeks. Arrival at the competition 2-4 days before the start	Temporary adaptation is carried out (approximately) in the same time zone, but in more favorable weather (climatic) conditions and with less psychological stress. It is advisable to use in long multi-round competitions (sports games, boxing)
4. Re-adaptation	Multiple modeling of climatic (and temporal) conditions of competitive activity (responsible competitions)	Moving to a new location can be done 4-5 days before the start of the competition	A positive training effect of re-adaptation is achieved with 2-3 times the use of the variant. Repeated adaptation is effective in sports games, speed-strength sports disciplines, in sports with a complex-coordinating structure of motor actions.
5. Setsleep adaptation	Modeling of bio- and geo-temporal parameters of a new place of residence using special measures (simulators, hypoxic devices, middle mountains, pharmacological preparations, etc.)	Adaptation at the competition site is carried out within 6-8 days	The option of complex adaptation is expedient in almost all sports and individual sports disciplines. noted high efficiency this adaptation strategy

SUMMARY

The specifics of elite sport is such that athletes to participate in the Olympic Games and other major competitions (see the Preface and Chapter 1) have to constantly move around countries and continents, sometimes overcoming 4-6, or even all 8-10 time zones, “lagging behind or ahead of” their own, habitual time of life, thereby deliberately changing the daily and even the coordinates of the seasons. These problems are further complicated by the fact that when moving over long distances, athletes, in addition to a significant time difference, also have to deal with a very long flight (transfer).

At the same time, very often new conditions of competitive activity and training, which are unfamiliar for most athletes, are complicated by specific natural and climatic factors. Changes in the general well-being and functional capabilities of the athlete, the physical state and sports performance, sports achievements (results) decrease.

The complex of factors of "local specificity" () makes serious demands on the problems of adaptation and acclimatization of a highly qualified athlete upon their arrival in a new place (for example, the Australian, Asian or American continents).

The study of a complex of sports-pedagogical, psychophysical, socio-economic and other factors (a total of 7 groups of factors and 31 single ones) revealed that the most significant factors that primarily determine the psychophysical state and performance of an athlete are the following factors: a) (longitudinal) movement, b) temporary (latitudinal) movement and c) total time flight (journey time).

But much greater difficulties arise during the temporary adaptation of athletes to new conditions, especially those that are very remote from their permanent place of residence. Simple or complex combinations of these factors, the peculiarities of their conjugation in different athletes determine the specific dynamics of adaptation processes “at the individual level” (). This refers to the temporary organization of the physiological state of the body (“physiological clock”), the general physical (motor) performance at different stages of precompetitive preparation and directly during performances in important competitions.

To date, sports practice has a certain experience of being a highly qualified athlete in different countries and continents, training and performing in the largest competitions. A sports-methodical concept has been formed, according to which the main measures for the effective adaptation of an athlete should be focused on the characteristics of desynchronization of daily (circadian) rhythms of the body's vital activity in connection with movements, i.e., on solving the problem of temporal adaptation.

It has been established that the actual desynchronosis of the activity of individual organs, functions and systems of the body, its motor manifestations will continue until the body adapts to new natural and geographical conditions of stay, when “both cycles are coordinated” (, Н Р;аун) - external ( physical, temporal) and internal ("physiological clock" of the organism).

This coordination of physical manifestations, the effectiveness of their motor actions in various sports disciplines lies in the fact that “normalization of functions” (JA Romero) is carried out, i.e. they come to a state “... to the greatest extent corresponding to the state of“ peak sports form ” (E. A Razumovsky), on different days upon arrival at a new place.

It has also been established that at first simple manifestations of speed and coordination "come back to normal" (2-4 days). Adaptation takes a little longer in more complex (complex, conjugated: physical and technical) motor actions (3-4, sometimes up to 5-6 days), as well as in “endurance” sports ().

On this basis, the optimization of the strategy for preparing highly qualified athletes for major competitions implies the need to develop the composition (rational content and structure) of sports and methodological technologies used in training work at the stages of direct pre-competitive preparation, and always taking into account actual external influences and based on established natural patterns. - geographic acclimatization and temporal adaptation in conditions of a sharp change in the mode of life (when athletes move to new places of training and competitive activity,).

2. FEATURES OF TIME AND CLIMATIC ADAPTATION OF ATHLETES
TO THE CONDITIONS OF THE XX I WINTER OLYMPIC GAMES 2010
IN VANCOUVER (CANADA)

2.1. Geographical and climatic conditions in Canada, Vancouver.
Olympic venues

Most of Canada has a temperate climate. In the central regions - this is a temperate continental type of climate, and along the coasts - a temperate marine. On the islands of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago, a severe Arctic type of climate prevails, and in the north of the mainland of the country - subarctic.

The Arctic climate zone is characterized by the predominance of negative temperatures throughout the year. Daytime temperatures in February reach -35 degrees, and night temperatures - 45 degrees below zero. In July, during the daytime, the air can warm up to +10 degrees, and at night it can cool down to 0 degrees and below. Precipitation falls up to 150 mm per year.

The subarctic climate zone covers the middle reaches of the Yukon and Mackenzie rivers. The coldest month in these parts is January: daytime temperatures are about -25 degrees, nighttime temperatures are about 35 degrees below zero. The hottest month of the subarctic climate zone is July: daytime temperatures can reach +20 degrees, and nighttime temperatures can reach 10 degrees. 300-400 mm of precipitation falls per year.

The central part of Canada is dominated by a temperate continental type of climate. In January, daytime temperatures are -12.-14 degrees, night - 22..24 degrees below zero. In July, during the daytime, the air warms up to 24..26 degrees Celsius, and at night it cools down to +12..+14 degrees. The maximum amount of precipitation falls in the summer, when up to 80 mm of precipitation is observed monthly. In just a year, up to 600 mm of precipitation falls in the central part of Canada.

Between the eastern slopes of the Cordillera and Edmonton, the climate is highly dependent on the height of the terrain, but it is drier than in the central regions of the country, with up to 350 mm of precipitation per year.

The climate of the St. Lawrence River Valley, where the capital of Canada, Ottawa, is located, is characterized by hot, rainy summers and mild, wet winters. Daytime temperatures of the coldest month - January - reach -3..-5 degrees, night temperatures - 13..15 degrees below zero. In July, during the daytime, the air warms up to +25..+27 degrees, at night it cools down to 13..15 degrees Celsius. In summer, up to 90 mm of precipitation falls monthly, in winter - up to 60 mm of precipitation, in just a year up to 1000 mm of precipitation falls.

The temperate maritime type of climate prevails on the Atlantic and Pacific coasts. Winters are milder and summers are cooler. Daytime temperatures in February fluctuate around 0 degrees, nighttime temperatures reach -8..-10 degrees. During the summer months during the day the air warms up to +20..+22 degrees, and at night it cools down to +10..+12 degrees. On the Pacific coast, up to 2000 mm of precipitation falls annually, on the Atlantic - up to 1300 mm. The maximum amount of precipitation occurs in the autumn and winter months (about 100 mm of precipitation per month).

The climate of a small area in the southwestern part of the country near Vancouver has similar features to the subtropical maritime type of climate. Here, even in January, the air temperature remains above 0 degrees, and the annual rainfall can reach 5000 mm, and their maximum falls in winter, when up to 200 mm of precipitation falls per month.

It is worth noting that in the southern part of the country from May to September there is a possibility of a tornado.

Vancouver is a large elevated island located off the west coast of Canada.

Vancouver was founded in 1886. The population is 560,000 people, with suburbs - 2.2 million people. In October 2005, Vancouver was voted the best city to live in based on a survey of residents of 127 of the world's leading cities. Vancouver has hosted many major events: EXPO 86 World's Fair, 2001 World Figure Skating Championships, 2006 Ice Hockey World Championships.

Whistler - one of the best ski resorts in North America. Founded in 1975. Population 9000 people. It is located at an altitude of 668 m above sea level. Blackcomb Mountain - 2284 m, Whistler Mountain - 2182 m. Richmond Located 20 minutes drive from Vancouver. Located on the territory of the city. The population of the city is 177,750 people.

West Vancouver– population of about 43,000 people. Located 31 km from the Olympic Village.

Olympic venues:

Vancouver

Whistler

An object	Sports	Capacity	Height above sea level
Whistler Creekside	Alpine skiing (speed and technical types)		810m (at the finish line)
Whistler Ski Center	skiing Nordic combined Ski jumping	12,000 in each of the three temporary stadiums
Whistler Luge Center	luge Skeleton		975m - top
BC Place Stadium	Opening and closing ceremonies, awarding medals
Whistler Awards Square	Medals	8,000 (approx)
Main Press Center (Vancouver)	Press center and television center	About 10,000 accredited journalists	at sea level
Press Center (Whistler)	Press center and television center
	Athletes and officials	4,500 residents in both villages
Olympic Village (Whistler)	Athletes and officials

During the Olympic Games, there will be two Olympic villages - in Vancouver and Whistler. Each village will have:

Rest rooms for athletes;

International zone with a bank, post office, cafe, places for informal meetings, a flower shop, a shop, a photo studio, a ticket office, a travel agency, an Internet point, a hairdresser, a telecommunications point and a gift shop;

Residential area with residential centers, religious centers, massage rooms, game rooms and training facilities;

Center for Relations with the NOC;

Round-the-clock polyclinic;

Office of the IOC Athletes' Commission.

Olympic villages

Village	Vancouver	Whistler
Sports	Figure skating Freestyle Hockey Short track Snowboard Skating	Skiing Ski race luge Nordic combined Skeleton Ski jumping
Planned capacity
Height above sea level
Maximum distance to the bus station
Type of houses	Apartments - 90%	Apartments - 10% Hotel/dormitory - 10%
Distance between villages
Average distance to objects
Distance to the stadium where the opening and closing ceremonies will take place

Attractions Vancouver

There are many tourist attractions in Vancouver - the old Gastown district, the famous Aquarium, the popular Granville Island under the Granville Bridge, where you can buy all kinds of gifts of nature and the ocean in a large covered market. All visitors to the city must visit Chinatown Chinatown with its exotic goods, dishes and smells. There is also a traditional Chinese garden. All of these attractions are within minutes of downtown downtown. Visitors to the city are also advised to visit the Harbor Center tower. A high-speed glass elevator in a matter of seconds takes visitors along the outer wall of the skyscraper to a platform with a 360 ° view, from where, in good weather, an incomparable view of the huge city, Burrard Inlet, snowy peaks and glaciers in the north, the island Bowen, Vancouver Island to the west, across the Strait of Georgia, and the Canadian and American Isles to the south. In the evening, on the mountains on the North side of the bay, the lights of the tracks on the ski resorts Cypress, Grouse Mountain and Mount Seymour. Each of them can be reached from the center in less than an hour, spend the whole day in the snow, and easily return to the city.

Distances of Olympic venues from each other

Olympic Village (Vancouver)

Olympic Village (Whistler)

Cypress mountain

general motors place

Hillcrest Stadium / Nat Bailey

Pacific Coliseum

richmond oval

UBC Winter Sports Center

Whistler Creekside

Whistler Ski Center

Whistler Luge Center

Main press center

Vancouver International Airport

BC Place Stadium

Olympic Village (Vancouver)

Olympic Village (Whistler)

Cypress mountain

general motors place

Hillcrest Stadium / Nat Bailey

Pacific Coliseum

richmond oval

UBC Winter Sports Center

Whistler Creekside

Whistler Ski Center

Whistler Luge Center

Main press center

Vancouver International Airport

BC Place Stadium

Awards Square (Whistler)

To the northwest of Downtown is the famous Stanley Park, almost completely surrounded by the ocean. It is the second largest urban park in North America (area over 40 g or 1000 acres), second only to Central Park in New York. The park is a popular place for recreation, walking and cycling for residents and visitors of the city. There are two lakes in the park - Lost Lagoon (Lost Lagoon, declared a natural reserve in 1938) and Beaver Lake (Beaver Lake). The park was founded in 1888 and named after the English politician, Governor General of Canada in 1888-93. Lord Stanley (Frederick Arthur, Baron Stanley of Preston, 16th Earl of Darby; in 1893 he established the famous NHL Hockey Cup). In 1889, Lord Stanley personally dedicated the Park "for the use and pleasure of people of all colors, creeds and customs." His statue (installed in 1960) greets visitors at the entrance.

2.2. Flight

The time difference between Minsk and Vancouver is 9 hours.

Early preparation for the flight, which is expressed in a gradual change in the mode of life and training activity, allows to significantly accelerate the process of adaptation of an athlete. For example, before flying to the west, 7-10 days before departure, you should shift the entire daily routine an hour ahead - get up earlier, study earlier and go to bed. 4–5, and then 2–3 days before departure, it is advisable to again shift the daily routine by 1 hour (V. N. Platonov, 1991). The elimination of the process of desynchronization in relation to the rhythm of working capacity and other important functions is facilitated by the planning of intense physical activity, taking into account temporary conditions (SM Winget et al., 1985).

Adaptation to new temporary conditions is promoted by specially organized motor activity, diet, motivation, correction of the mode of work and rest, change in the nature of activity and other means. At the same time, the irrational behavior of an athlete in the last days before the flight and in the first days of staying in a new place can significantly impede the process of synchronizing sleep and activity, significantly affect performance, slow down recovery reactions, worsen the psychological state, etc.

When choosing an airplane flight, you should try to provide for arriving at the place by night and continuing your sleep there, starting it already during the flight.

When crossing several time zones, there is a mismatch between the daily rhythms of psychophysiological functions and working capacity with the new standard time. It is the mismatch during long-distance flights of the natural circadian rhythm from external synchronizers that is the main cause of temporary stress. Immediately after the flight, the usual rhythms do not agree with the change of day and night at the new place of residence, i.e., external desynchronosis is noted. In the future, due to different times of restructuring of body functions, their mismatch occurs - internal desynchronosis (, 1986). The resulting syndrome is characterized by general discomfort, sleep disturbance, decreased performance when performing loads of various directions (KE Klein et al., 1972; DW Hill et al., 1993) and reduced athletic performance (JO Davis, 1988; M. Ledoux, 1988 ).

Similar results were obtained by other specialists. Violation of the established rhythms as a result of flights across 6–7 time zones leads to a pronounced mismatch of circadian rhythms in terms of motor capabilities, physiological and psychological reactions. Adapting to new conditions takes a lot of time.

At the same time, the rate of development of adaptive reactions differs in relation to various indicators, and is also largely determined by the individual characteristics of athletes and ranges from 2 to 18 days (LS Rosenblatt et al., 1973; K. E. Klein et al., 1977) .

When moving with a time difference of 7 hours, reactions are noted only on the sixth day, indicating a relative adaptation of the body to changed conditions. At the same time, the indicators of mental activity and working capacity are the most mobile. As for the rhythms of physiological and physico-chemical processes that occur in organs, cells and subcellular structures that determine the composition of blood and tissue fluid, they remain at the usual stereotypical level for a long time and change over a longer period of time.

The time of falling asleep and waking up, psychomotor and mental activity usually normalize within 2-7 days, for the speed of reactions, the time for completion of the phase shift is 2 days, for the internal temperature - 4-6 days, and for the heart rate - 6-8, working capacity is restored within 3-5 days, other indicators are normalized later - after 7-10 days or more (T. Sasaki, 1980; JE Wright et al., 1983).

For example, according to (1986), when changing 7-8-hour zones, the indicators of maximum oxygen consumption (VO2 max) are sharply reduced for 2-3 days after the flight, then gradually recover, reaching the initial or higher values ​​on days 7-13 , with full normalization only for 18–20 days.

When flying to the west, adaptation occurs 30-50% easier and faster than when flying to the east. This asymmetry is caused by the natural period of the circadian rhythm, which in relation to most vital functions exceeds 24 hours. It is easier for a person to “lengthen” his day after a westward flight than to “shorten” it when flying eastward (K. E. Klein et al. , 1977; AN Nicholson et al., 1993).

After crossing 5–8 time zones westward, athletes easily fall asleep on the first night if they were awake during the flight and, thus, the night rest period is significantly “late” (JM Taub, BJ Berger, 1973; AN Nicholson et al., 1993). This allows the athlete to have a good rest after the flight. In the next two or three nights, awakening in the middle of the night, insomnia is possible. The normal structure of sleep is restored after 2–4 days (S. A. Czeisler et al., 1980).

Practice has shown that for a successful performance in competitions, in most cases, 14–18 days are enough to adapt to the new standard time (et al., 1971). Possible measures have been developed to mitigate the negative impact of a sharp shift in the daily rhythm of physiological functions. So, for example, when planning a competition or games in cities with a time difference of 6 hours or more, it is more expedient to plan an intermediate gathering halfway along the route, and then arrive at the competition venue.

Therefore, a longer period of adaptation is physiologically most justified, the optimum of which is 2-4 weeks, taking into account the individual characteristics of the athlete.

2.4. Nutrition

Many other means are used to facilitate adaptation when crossing time zones. The use of special diets can be quite effective.

The use of predominantly protein foods for breakfast and lunch helps to increase the production of catecholamines during the day. A light, carbohydrate-rich dinner provides the body with tryptophan, which promotes serotonin synthesis during the night (C. F. Ehret, L. W. Scanlon, 1983). This means that foods high in carbohydrates and low content proteins as a result of complex transformations can ultimately cause drowsiness. In contrast, a high protein diet has a stimulating effect (See Winget et al., 1985).

Thus, for the rational adaptation of the athlete's body under conditions of temporary stress, rational nutrition is of great importance before a long-distance flight, during the flight and immediately after arrival at the place. For example, before flying west, it is recommended to eat, and the food should be high in protein and low in carbohydrates.

If athletes are planning to stay in new conditions for a long time, then special attention should be paid to the composition of the products used for dinner. Dinner should be 1-1.5 hours before bedtime. Dinner should be lighter with more carbohydrates.

When placing athletes in a hotel, the chronotype of the athlete should also be taken into account: representatives of the morning type - "larks" should not be placed in the same room with representatives of the evening type - "owls", as they will significantly interfere with each other.

2.3. Proposals for organizing the training process, taking into account factors
temporal and climatic adaptation to the conditions of the 2010 Winter Olympics

Taking into account the climatic conditions of Vancouver and the significant difference in time, the most important for athletes are the organizational features of building the training process during the period when the body is adapting to the environment.

Adaptation to the performance of motor tasks of varying complexity and direction also requires unequal time, it should be taken into account that the restoration of the ability to perform complex motor tasks is slower compared to simple ones (K. Klein et al., 1972).

The speed-strength capabilities of athletes are restored faster than the ability to perform long-term work that requires endurance (V. N. Platonov, 1991). Therefore, it is natural that athletes who specialize in sports that are distinguished by the coordination complexity of motor actions and the requirements for various functional systems of the body adapt differently to new temporal and climatic conditions.

In order to more effectively adapt, teams often travel to the venue of future competitions 2-3 weeks before they start.

Many athletes change the time of training sessions, sleep and wakefulness 10–15 days before the main starts in order to ensure the restructuring of the daily regime in advance in accordance with the requirements of the future competition venue (V. N. Platonov, 1991).

When planning the preparation process with a sharp change in time zones, it should be remembered that the performance of an athlete (especially in difficult coordination types sports, martial arts and sports games, i.e. in sports characterized by the complexity of movements), complex mental reactions, endurance, dynamic strength are more susceptible to arrhythmia than static strength, time of a simple motor reaction, simple psychomotor functions, performance in cyclic and high-speed - strength sports.

In the first days after the flight, standard loads cause significantly more pronounced shifts in the activity of functional systems bearing the main load. For example, in speed-strength sports, this is manifested in higher heart rate and cardiac output, an increase in lung ventilation and blood lactate. The course of recovery processes also slows down.

Preparing the body of athletes for effective training and competitive activities in winter conditions (low temperatures) is a much less difficult problem compared to preparing for heat conditions.

This, however, does not mean the absence of special recommendations, the main of which are:

The use of effective warm-up options;

The use of clothing that prevents heat loss and at the same time prevents the accumulation of moisture;

Rational planning of work of different intensity and duration, not allowing hypothermia;

Control of internal temperature and skin temperature, reactions of the cardiovascular system.

If the intensity and duration of work, the characteristics of clothing, and weather conditions correspond, it is possible to achieve a high level of performance of athletes who train and compete at low temperatures.

In frosty windy weather, wear clothing that prevents heat loss.

In conditions of low (but not frosty) temperatures in calm weather, on the contrary, one should dress lightly enough, since facilitated conditions for heat transfer contribute to the manifestation of endurance.

It must also be remembered that the likelihood of hypothermia and cold injury increases during training and competition in mountainous conditions due to a decrease in temperature and an increase in wind. For every 150 m above sea level, the temperature drops by 1 degree. Thus, at an altitude of 2000 m above sea level, the air temperature will be 13–14°C lower than in the plains (G. H. Wilmore, D. L. Costill, 1994).

Accounting for information about the actual weather, as well as forecast data, can significantly improve the quality of training for athletes and holding competitions in many sports, and contributes to a more effective solution of training and competitive tasks. Planning the process of training athletes and participating in competitions, taking into account weather conditions, is an important factor in ensuring the high performance of athletes, the effective operation of various functional systems of the body. At the same time, along with information about the actual weather, it is advisable to use data from short-term forecasts, which are confirmed with a probability of 80-90%, medium-term forecasts by 70-75% and long-term forecasts by 60-65%, respectively.

In warmer (above zero) weather, you can shorten the duration of the warm-up, slightly reduce its intensity. With a strong wind, a significant correction of the technique and tactics of competitive activity in sports that depend on the weather is sometimes required - skiing, ski jumping.

The efficiency of various functional systems in the process of training and competitive activities also largely depends on weather conditions. For example, improving sliding conditions and reducing wind leads not only to an increase in the speed of movement, but also to a decrease in energy consumption.

3. CONCLUSION

(from the experience of Russian scientists)

When carrying out the whole complex of measures to accelerate acclimatization, first of all, it is necessary to take into account the general terms and dynamics of the deployment of the general process of adaptation of the body of athletes to changes in external environmental conditions.

It is known that the process of acclimatization, as an adaptive reaction of the organism to severe stress, goes through three stages and generally lasts from 7 to 12 days. On the initial stage it is important to prevent the failure of adaptation by minimizing training and mental stress in the first days of the athlete's stay in new conditions.

For the optimal solution of the issue of pre-competitive acclimatization, first of all, it is necessary to correctly choose the optimal time for the team to leave for the competition venue. Here the following alternative is possible.

In the case of holding the entire competition within one day, it may be advisable for the athlete to leave 1-2 days before the start with the need for emergency correction of acute desynchronosis (primarily sleep normalization). For example, the normalization of sleep is effectively solved by using dietary supplements such as melatonin(but not sleeping pills!), not containing prohibited substances.

In cases where competitions are held over several days, it is optimal for the team to leave no later than 8-10 days before the start. At the same time, it is already necessary not only to solve the problem of correcting acute desynchronosis, but also to carry out measures to restructure and normalize biological rhythms and the state of the immune system. It should be emphasized that it is in this variant of acclimatization during the first three or four days after moving from training program any loads, except for warm-up and technical and tactical exercises, should be excluded.

Correction of desynchronosis begins immediately at the time of the athlete's move to the final geographical destination. An important event is the change of standard time to a new one in the process of moving. Already in the train or on the plane, the periods of sleep and wakefulness must correspond to the daytime and nighttime hours of the place where the competition will take place or the training camp will take place. To regulate this process, melatonin can also be used, which, when taken orally in a single dose of up to 9 mg, provides stable sleep for 3-5 hours. To prevent an athlete from falling asleep at an undesirable time, tonic complexes are used (for example, ginseng with caffeine).

After arriving at the destination, it is necessary to build an athlete's regime from the first hours of your stay there, based on local time. On the first day, it is advisable to exclude daytime sleep, which is familiar to virtually all athletes. The time of going to bed at night should correspond to approximately 22 hours local time. Before going to bed, the athlete is again prescribed melatonin at a dose of 6 mg 20–30 minutes before bedtime (in case of sleep disturbance at night after the first day, an additional dose of melatonin 3 mg can be taken). The described procedure is repeated before the second night after the move.

The available data show that the use of this approach allows, by the third day, in more than 90% of cases, to completely overcome acute desynchronosis and, without negative consequences, transfer the athlete's body to a new local time.

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]

In contrast to Federal Law No. 80-FZ of April 29, 1999, the new Federal Law on Sports does not contain regulation mediating labor relations between an athlete or coach and a sports organization. In parallel with the current Federal Law on Sports, the Federal Law on Amendments to the Labor Code of the Russian Federation (hereinafter also referred to as the Labor Code of the Russian Federation) was being developed.

Federal Law of February 28, 2008 no. No. 13-F3 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation was supplemented by chapter 54.1 “Features of the regulation of the work of athletes and coaches”, which entered into force simultaneously with the current Federal Law on Sports on March 30, 2008. Now these issues are almost completely regulated by labor legislation.

At the same time, there are currently several positions in the discussion about the norms of which branch of the right to regulate the work of athletes:

1) priority of labor law. The work of an athlete should be regulated only by labor law;

2) the priority of civil law. The relations of professional athletes with sports clubs should be regulated only by the rules of civil law. Representatives of this position refer to the experience of the Anglo-Saxon system of law and argue that no institution of labor law can adequately work in professional sports. At the same time, representatives of this point of view propose to state the absence of a labor function for an athlete and, due to the specifics of sports, the absence of remuneration as the main motive for their work. Therefore, they propose to regulate the activities of professional athletes, similarly to the activities of lawyers and notaries, with a separate Federal Law "On Professional Sports in the Russian Federation", in particular, with the provision of a special preferential tax regime to professional athletes;

3) a compromise position that allows the mediation of the work of athletes, alternatively, either by an employment contract or a civil law contract. At the same time, some lawyers, giving priority to civil law, believe that in this case it would be more appropriate for representatives of professional sports, and leave the opportunity for other athletes to conclude employment contracts. Others note that the sports activities of athletes should not be regulated by labor law mainly in individual sports (tennis, Athletics, swimming, billiards, etc.).

The federal law on sports, in particular in its art. 2 and 24, suggests the possibility of regulating the relations of athletes and coaches with physical culture and sports organizations and organizers of sports competitions by the norms of not only labor law, but also civil law.

According to S.V. Vasiliev, the possibility of regulating the labor activity of professional athletes by the norms of civil law is not ruled out in cases where the work of professional athletes is of an “independent” nature, i.e. when the relationship between a professional athlete and a sports organization is based on the legal equality of the parties, complete independence, independence and autonomy of will, property isolation, which is typical for civil law relations. In accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation (Article 37), the work of a person in the Russian Federation, including a professional athlete, can take a variety of forms. In all these cases, citizens (individuals) who want to work have certain social relations associated with the implementation of labor activities, which can be regulated by the norms of various branches of law. If the relationship between a professional athlete and a physical culture and sports organization is of a civil law nature, the norms of civil law are applied to regulate these relations. In other cases, their vast majority is confirmed by practice, professional athletes have an employment relationship with a sports organization, and in case of doubt, the decision is made in court. This is predetermined by the fact that the Labor Code of the Russian Federation (part 3, article 11) determines that if the court establishes that a civil law contract actually regulates labor relations between an employee and an employer (in this case, a professional athlete and a sports organization ), the norms of labor legislation apply to such relations.

In some individual sports, such as billiards, it is not uncommon for athletes to exercise independently. training activity by transferring funds to a sports club that provides them with conditions for training, including coaches, infrastructure, and also submits applications for the participation of these athletes in competitions for this club. The income of such individual athletes is formed from funds received from the organizers of sports competitions as prize money, as well as from advertisers and sponsors. In such cases, relations should be regulated by the norms of civil law and require the conclusion of civil law contracts. Meanwhile, it should be borne in mind that in certain cases in individual sports, athletes may be in labor relations, for example, with sports training centers (STCs), sports federations (associations, unions, leagues), as well as with clubs.

For team (game) sports (football, hockey, etc.), the relationship of an employee-athlete with the club is usually formalized by an employment contract. But even in this case, the relationship between athletes and sports organizations is so extensive and multifaceted that it seems impossible to fix all the rules of conduct in this area within the framework of labor law, the norms of civil law also play an important role here, for example, in regulating relations arising between and the employer regarding the so-called image rights of athletes (transfer to the club of the rights to use the athlete’s personal image), the athlete’s participation in advertising sponsors of the employer, the provision of housing to the athlete by the employer or the payment of the amount for the purchase of housing, personal insurance of the athlete (life, health and property ) and a number of others.

In such cases, we can talk about the need for a subsidiary) application of civil law to labor relations, as well as the conclusion of mixed contracts between athletes and sports organizations that combine the conditions arising from both labor and civil legal relations.

The Labor Code of the Russian Federation defines the following sources of labor law:

1) international acts in the sphere of labor;

2) federal regulatory legal acts;

3) regional regulatory legal acts (adopted at the level of the subject of the Russian Federation);

4) territorial regulatory legal acts (adopted by local governments);

5) local regulations containing labor law norms.

This system of sources is typical for all labor relations in the Russian Federation. However, a feature of the regulation of the work of athletes and coaches as a special category of workers is the existence of a parallel system of regulations that are adopted by international and domestic non-governmental public organizations.

A parallel system of sources specific to the regulation of the work of athletes and coaches in the Russian Federation, in particular, consists of:

1) acts of a general (universal) nature that are adopted by the International Olympic Committee as a universal subject of international legal relations, as well as by the Russian Olympic Committee as an all-Russian union of public associations and a representative organization of the country - a participant in the international Olympic movement;

2) acts of a special nature, which include acts of international and national federations (unions, associations, leagues) in certain sports (for example, acts of the International Swimming Federation and acts of the All-Russian Swimming Federation);

3) acts adopted at the level of individual clubs and sports schools (local regulations of organizations).

At each of these levels, acts can be adopted containing norms, including labor law, that apply to athletes (coaches). For example, in Art. 3.1 of the Charter of a public organization " All-Russian Federation Swimming”, approved on January 27, 2006, contains a rule according to which the rights of the organization include “the right to conclude contracts and agreements with members of the national swimming teams, regulating the mutual rights and obligations of the Federation and the athletes - members of the national swimming team during the preparation and performances in international competitions.

Thus, a unique situation is emerging when the norms governing the labor relations of athletes and coaches are contained both in traditional sources of labor law and in acts of international non-governmental and domestic public organizations. In addition, both systems of sources include local regulations that act as primary legal regulators.

According to part 3 of Art. 348.1 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, the specifics of regulating the work of athletes, coaches are established by labor legislation and other regulatory legal acts containing labor law norms, collective agreements, agreements, as well as local regulations adopted by employers in accordance with the requirements of Art. 8 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, taking into account the norms approved by the all-Russian sports federations, and the opinion of the elected body of the primary trade union organization.

At the same time, the peculiarities of regulating the work of athletes and coaches, which entail a decrease in the level of guarantees for employees, restriction of their rights, and an increase in their disciplinary and (or) liability, should be established exclusively by the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, and cases and procedures for establishing such features by other acts containing norms labor law are determined only by chapter 54.1 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation. For example, given the special nature of the work of athletes and coaches, Art. 348.7 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation defines the features of the work of an athlete and coach part-time, according to which an athlete and a coach have the right to work part-time for another employer as an athlete or coach only with the permission of the employer at the main place of work. Part-time work of athletes and coaches as other specialists is not limited. During the period of temporary transfer of an athlete to another employer (Article 348.4 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation), a permit to work part-time must be obtained both from the employer at the place of temporary work and from the employer with whom the employment contract was originally concluded.

Features of the working hours of athletes, coaches, involving them in overtime work, work at night, on weekends and non-working holidays, as well as features of remuneration of athletes, coaches at night, on weekends and non-working holidays can be established by collective agreements, agreements , local regulations (part 5 of article 348.1 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation).

As noted earlier, paragraph 3 of Art. 3 of the Federal Law on Sports, as one of the principles of legal regulation of relations in the field of physical culture and sports, fixes the combination of state regulation of relations in the field of physical culture and sports with self-regulation of such relations by subjects of physical culture and sports. By virtue of paragraphs 1 and 5 of part 1 of Art. 16 of the Federal Law on Sports, all-Russian sports federations are granted the right to develop and approve provisions (regulations) on competitions organized and held by them, to develop, taking into account the rules approved by international sports federations, the rules of the relevant sports, and also to approve the rules establishing rights, obligations (in including the rules that establish restrictions on the transition (conditions for the transition) of certain categories of athletes, coaches to other sports clubs or other physical culture and sports organizations), sports sanctions, for subjects of physical culture and sports recognizing such norms. According to part 3 of Art. 348.1 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, acts of all-Russian sports federations can be applied indirectly through collective agreements and agreements, local regulations.

Paragraph 1 of Part 1 of Art. 16.1 of the Federal Law on Sports grants the right to regional sports federations to organize and hold, including jointly with the executive authorities of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation, championships, championships and cups of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation in the relevant sport, develop and approve provisions (regulations) on such competitions.

In accordance with Part 6 of Art. 20 of the Federal Law on Sports, the organization and conduct of a physical culture event or a sports competition are carried out in accordance with the regulations (regulations) on such a physical culture event or such a sports competition, approved by its organizers.

Article 3 of the Federal Law on Sports, which establishes the basic principles of the legislation on physical culture and sports, stipulates in paragraph 11 a specific feature of the structure of sports, indicates that the structure of sports is based on the voluntary activity of its subjects. The binding legal force and application of the norms issued by all-Russian and regional sports federations are due to their voluntary recognition by the subjects of sports activities by indicating such recognition in the constituent documents of sports organizations, through the application (registration) procedure for participation in competitions, etc. For violation of the norms issued by the federations, they provide in their regulations and apply measures of the so-called sports liability. Among them, for example, such specific sanctions as sports disqualification and return of awards - in relation to athletes; a ban on the registration of new athletes, the removal of tournament points, transfer to a lower division - in relation to clubs.

By virtue of paragraph 4 of part 2 of Art. 24 of the Federal Law on Sports, athletes are obliged to comply with the provisions (regulations) on physical culture events and sports competitions in which they participate, and the requirements of the organizers of such events and competitions.

In accordance with paragraph 1 of part 1 of Art. 34.3 of the Federal Law on Sports, an organization providing sports training, in accordance with the legislation on physical culture and sports, the requirements of federal standards for sports training, has the right to develop and approve sports training programs, adopt local regulations related to the process of sports training. By virtue of part 2 of the named article, an organization providing sports training is obliged to:

• to acquaint persons undergoing sports training, against signature, with local regulations related to the implementation of sports training, as well as with anti-doping rules for the relevant sport or sports;

• to acquaint persons undergoing sports training and participating in sports competitions, against signature, with the norms approved by the all-Russian sports federations, the rules of the relevant sports, the provisions (regulations) on sports competitions, anti-doping rules, the terms of contracts with the organizers of sports events in the part related to the participation of athletes in the respective competition.

In accordance with Part 6 of Art. 348.2 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, employers are obliged, both when hiring and during the term of the employment contract, to acquaint athletes, coaches against signature with the norms approved by the all-Russian sports federations, the rules of the relevant sports, provisions (regulations) on sports competitions, the all-Russian anti-doping rules and anti-doping the rules approved by international anti-doping organizations, the terms of the employer's contracts with sponsors (partners), advertisers, organizers of sports events and all-Russian sports federations in the part directly related to the work of athletes and coaches. It is the responsibility of the All-Russian sports federation for the relevant sport or sports to familiarize athletes and coaches with the said norms, rules, regulations (regulations) and conditions in the part directly related to their participation in sports events as part of the sports team of the Russian Federation.

Thus, the normative support for the activities of athletes and coaches is carried out on the basis of a combination of legislative norms issued by the state and regulatory norms enshrined in the acts of sports federations (unions of associations, leagues) for the corresponding sport. Moreover, the specificity of sports law lies in the fact that the share of regulatory acts (acts of the so-called "soft law") in the regulation of sports relations is very large.

The provisions of Chapter 54.1 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation regulate labor relations with employees whose labor function is to prepare for sports competitions and participate in sports competitions in certain types or types of sports (athletes), as well as with employees whose labor function is to conduct training events with athletes and management of competitive activities of athletes to achieve sports results (coaches).

In accordance with Art. 144 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, by order of the Ministry of Health and Social Development of Russia dated February 27, 2012 No. 165N, professional qualification groups for positions of workers in physical culture and sports are approved, which include, in particular, such positions as an athlete, an athlete-leader, an athlete-instructor, coach, trainer. K horse rider, trainer - teacher of adaptive physical culture, senior coach - teacher of adaptive physical culture, coach of the sports team of the Russian Federation (by sport), senior coach of the sports team of the Russian Federation (by sport), head coach of the sports team teams of the Russian Federation (by sport), state coach (by sport), etc.

Order of the Ministry of Health and Social Development of Russia dated August 15, 2011 No. 916n approved the section "Qualification characteristics of positions of workers in the field of physical culture and sports" of the Unified qualification directory of positions of managers, specialists and employees. The chapter "Positions of managers" of this section fixes such positions as the head coach of the sports team of the Russian Federation (by sport) and the state coach (by sport). The chapter "Positions of specialists" of this section contains such positions as a senior coach - teacher in adaptive physical culture, senior coach of the sports team of the Russian Federation (by sport), coach teacher in adaptive physical culture, coach, coach of the sports team of the Russian Federation ( by sport). The chapter "Positions of employees" of the specified section includes the positions of an athlete, an athlete-leader and an athlete-instructor, trainer - horse rider:

Employers can be:

1) legal entities (organizations);

2) individuals duly registered as individual entrepreneurs and carrying out entrepreneurial activities without forming a legal entity;

3) in cases stipulated by federal laws - other entities entitled to conclude labor contracts. In accordance with Art. 55 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation such entities may be representative offices and branches.

In accordance with Part 2 of Art. 348.1 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, individuals who are not individual entrepreneurs are not entitled to act as employers in relation to athletes and coaches.

"Audit and taxation", 2012, N 5

The current labor legislation provides for some features of the regulation of the work of athletes and coaches, which we will discuss in this article.

Features of the work of athletes, part-time coaches

Features of the regulation of the work of athletes and coaches are established by labor legislation (Chapter 54.1 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation). Federal Law No. 329-FZ of December 4, 2007 "On Physical Culture and Sports in the Russian Federation" (hereinafter referred to as Law No. 329-FZ) and other regulatory legal acts containing labor law norms, collective agreements, agreements, as well as local regulations taken by employers in accordance with the requirements of Art. 8 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, taking into account the norms approved by the all-Russian sports federations, and the opinion of the elected body of the primary trade union organization.

Federal laws and other regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation, laws and other regulatory legal acts of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation containing norms governing relations in the field of physical culture and sports cannot contradict Law N 329-FZ.

Employers may be individuals duly registered as individual entrepreneurs and carrying out entrepreneurial activities without forming a legal entity, as well as legal entities (organizations). In addition, in the cases provided for by federal laws, another entity entitled to conclude employment contracts may act as an employer.

According to Art. 2 of Law N 329-FZ, an athlete is an individual involved in a chosen sport or sports and performing at sports competitions. At the same time, a high-class athlete is considered to be an athlete who has a sports title and performs at sports competitions in order to achieve high sports results.

A coach is an individual who has an appropriate secondary vocational education or higher professional education and who conducts training events with athletes, as well as manages their competitive activities to achieve sports results.

If an international treaty of the Russian Federation establishes rules other than those provided for by Law No. 329-FZ, then the rules of the international treaty shall apply.

According to Art. 348.7 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, an athlete and a coach have the right to work part-time for another employer as an athlete or coach only with the permission of the employer at the main place of work.

From the literal interpretation of this norm, it follows that the work of an athlete or coach in combination implies the following special conditions:

1. the work of an athlete, a part-time coach can only be as an athlete or coach, that is, they cannot work in other positions;
2. the presence of an employer's permit at the main place of work.

As stated in Art. 348.7 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, during the period of temporary transfer of an athlete to another employer, a permit to work part-time must be obtained both from the employer at the place of temporary work, and from the employer with whom the employment contract was originally concluded.

Article 348.4 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation provides for the possibility of an athlete moving to another employer for a period not exceeding one year if the first employer for some reason is not able to ensure the participation of the athlete in sports competitions.

The new employer, for the period of temporary transfer to the place of temporary work, concludes a fixed-term employment contract with the athlete in accordance with the requirements of Art. 348.2 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation.

By virtue of Art. 348.2 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, an employer can conclude with athletes both fixed-term employment contracts and contracts for an indefinite period.

The employment contract concluded with an athlete, with a coach, must contain the information listed in Art. 57 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation.

In addition, the following conditions are mandatory for inclusion in an employment contract with an athlete:

• the obligations of the employer to ensure the conduct of training events and the participation of an athlete in sports competitions under the guidance of a coach (coaches);
• the obligations of the athlete to comply with the sports regime established by the employer and to fulfill plans for preparing for sports competitions;
• the obligation of an athlete to take part in sports competitions only at the direction of the employer;
• the obligation of an athlete to comply with the All-Russian Anti-Doping Rules and anti-doping rules approved by international anti-doping organizations, to undergo doping control. The lists of doping drugs and (or) methods prohibited for use in sports are established by the Order of the Ministry of Sports and Tourism of Russia dated 07.04.2011 N 277 "On Approval of the Lists of Substances and (or) Methods Prohibited for Use in Sports". The procedure for conducting mandatory doping control was approved by the Order of the Ministry of Sports and Tourism of Russia dated May 13, 2009 N 293 "On Approval of the Procedure for Conducting Mandatory Doping Control";
• the obligation of an athlete to provide information about his whereabouts in accordance with the All-Russian Anti-Doping Rules for the purpose of doping control (Order of the Ministry of Sports and Tourism of Russia dated April 13, 2011 N 307 "On Approval of the All-Russian Anti-Doping Rules");
• provision by the employer of life and health insurance for the athlete, as well as medical insurance in order for the athlete to receive additional medical and other services in excess of those established by compulsory medical insurance programs, indicating the conditions of these types of insurance.

Mandatory for inclusion in the employment contract with the coach, except for the conditions established by Art. 57 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, is a condition on the obligation of the coach to take measures to prevent violation by the athlete (athletes) of the All-Russian Anti-Doping Rules and anti-doping rules approved by international anti-doping organizations.

In an employment contract with an athlete, with a coach, in addition to additional conditions that do not worsen the position of the employee compared to the established labor legislation and other regulatory legal acts containing labor law norms, a collective agreement, agreements, local regulations, the following additional conditions may be provided:

1. the consent of the athlete, coach to the transfer by the employer of their personal data, a copy of the employment contract to the All-Russian sports federation for the relevant sport or sports, and if the athlete, coach is included in the national team of the Russian Federation - also to the transfer of a copy of the employment contract to the Ministry of Sports and Tourism;
2. the obligation of an athlete, coach to use sports equipment provided by the employer during working hours;
3. the obligation of an athlete, coach to comply with the provisions (regulations) on sports competitions in the part directly related to the work of an athlete, coach;
4. the procedure for the athlete to make a cash payment in favor of the employer upon termination of the employment contract in the cases provided for in Art. 348.12 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation (features of termination of an employment contract with an athlete, with a coach), and on the amount of such payment.

Article 348.4 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation also regulates that the originally concluded labor contract is suspended (the validity period of the initially concluded labor contract is not interrupted), that is, the parties suspend the exercise of the rights and obligations established by labor legislation and other regulatory legal acts containing labor law norms, local normative acts, as well as the exercise of rights and obligations arising from the terms of the collective agreement, agreements, labor contract, with the exception of the rights and obligations established by Part 2 of Art. 348.7 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation.

If, after the expiration of the period of temporary transfer to another employer, the athlete continues to work for the employer at the place of temporary work and none of the parties (the athlete, the employer at the place of temporary work, the employer with whom the employment contract was originally concluded) demanded the termination of the employment contract concluded for the period temporary transfer, and the renewal of the originally concluded employment contract, then the originally concluded employment contract is terminated, and the validity of the employment contract concluded for the period of temporary transfer is extended for a period determined by agreement of the parties, and if there is no such agreement, for an indefinite period.

Features of labor regulation of athletes under the age of 18

Article 348.8 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation provides that the provisions of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation that determine the cases and procedure for concluding labor contracts with persons under the age of 18, as well as the conditions for the use of their labor, apply to labor relations with athletes under the age of 18, taking into account the specifics established by this articles.

In other words, employment contracts with underage athletes must be concluded in the same manner that applies in the general case.

Features of the regulation of labor of workers under the age of 18 are established by Ch. 42 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation.

According to Art. 63 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation and Ch. 42 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, it is allowed to conclude an employment contract with persons who have reached the age of 16 years.

In cases of receiving general education, or continuing to master the main general education program of general education in a form of education other than full-time, or leaving, in accordance with federal law, a general education institution, an employment contract may be concluded by persons who have reached the age of 15 to perform light work that does not cause harm to their health.

Article 19 of the Law of the Russian Federation of 10.07.1992 N 3266-1 "On Education" regulates that, with the consent of parents (legal representatives), the commission for minors and the protection of their rights and the local government that manages education, a student who has reached the age 15 years old, can leave a general education institution before receiving general education.

With the consent of one of the parents (trustee) and the body of guardianship and guardianship, an employment contract may be concluded with a student who has reached the age of 14, to be performed in his free time from study. lung time work that does not harm his health and does not violate the learning process.

By virtue of Art. 348.8 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, it is also possible to conclude an employment contract with an athlete under the age of 14. To do this, the employer also needs to obtain the consent of one of the parents (guardian), as well as the permission of the guardianship and guardianship authority.

The body of guardianship and guardianship issues a work permit on the basis of a preliminary medical examination (examination), the procedure for which is determined by the federal executive body authorized by the Government of the Russian Federation.

The permission of the body of guardianship and guardianship must indicate the maximum allowable duration of the daily work of an athlete under the age of 14 years, and other conditions under which he can perform work without prejudice to his health and moral development. The employment contract on behalf of the employee in this case is signed by his parent (guardian).

In accordance with Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of June 30, 2004 N 321 "On approval of the Regulations on the Ministry of Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation", this ministry independently adopts normative legal acts concerning, among other things, the procedure for conducting a preliminary medical examination (examination), on the basis of which a permission of the guardianship and guardianship authority is issued to conclude an employment contract with an athlete under the age of 14 years.

According to Art. 348.8 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, the duration of daily work for athletes under the age of 18 years can be established by collective agreements, agreements, local regulations, subject to the maximum weekly working hours established by Part 1 of Art. 92 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation.

For employees under the age of 16, reduced working hours are established, but not more than 24 hours per week, for employees aged 16 to 18 years - not more than 35 hours per week.

Sending on business trips, engaging in overtime work, work at night, on weekends and non-working holidays, athletes under the age of 18 years are allowed in cases and in the manner provided for by labor legislation and other regulatory legal acts containing labor law norms, collective agreements, agreements, local regulations, labor contract (Article 348.8 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation).

The issues of prohibition of sending on business trips, involvement in overtime work, work at night, on weekends and non-working holidays of employees under the age of 18 are regulated by Art. 268 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation.

Article 348.8 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation provides that during participation in sports events, it is allowed for an athlete under the age of 18 to exceed the maximum allowable load standards when lifting and moving weights manually, if necessary in accordance with the plan for preparing an athlete for sports competitions and the applied loads are not forbidden to him for health reasons in accordance with the medical report. Norms limit allowable loads for persons under 18 years of age when lifting and moving weights manually approved by the Decree of the Ministry of Labor of Russia of 04/07/1999 N 7 "On approval of the Norms of maximum permissible loads for persons under eighteen years of age when lifting and moving weights manually".

In the event of a temporary transfer of an athlete under the age of 18 to another employer, an employment contract with him at the place of temporary work is concluded in the manner established by the Labor Code of the Russian Federation for concluding employment contracts with employees of the appropriate age.

Let me remind you that Art. 348.4 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation provides for the possibility of an athlete transferring to another employer for a period not exceeding one year, if the first employer for some reason is unable to ensure the athlete's participation in sports competitions.

The temporary transfer of an athlete to another employer requires the consent of both employers and the athlete himself, which must be confirmed in writing.

A new employer for the period of temporary transfer to the place of temporary work concludes a fixed-term employment contract with the athlete in accordance with the requirements of Art. 348.2 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation. By virtue of this article, the employer can conclude with athletes both fixed-term employment contracts and contracts for an indefinite period.

After the expiration of the temporary transfer of an athlete to another employer, the originally concluded employment contract is valid in full.

During the period of temporary transfer, the rules established by labor legislation and other acts containing labor law norms apply in full to the athlete and the employer at the place of temporary work, taking into account the features specified in Ch. 54.1 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation.

The employer at the place of temporary work does not have the right to transfer the athlete to another employer.

In case of early termination of the employment contract concluded for the period of temporary transfer of the athlete to another employer, for any of the reasons provided for by the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, the initially concluded employment contract is valid in full from the next working day after the calendar date on which the termination of the employment contract concluded on temporary transfer period.

If the employment contract concluded for the period of the temporary transfer of the athlete to another employer is terminated ahead of schedule, then the originally concluded employment contract is valid in full from the next working day after the calendar date on which the termination of the employment contract concluded for the period of temporary transfer is associated.

If, after the expiration of the period of temporary transfer to another employer, the athlete continues to work for the employer at the place of temporary work and none of the parties (the athlete, the employer at the place of temporary work, the employer with whom the employment contract was originally concluded) demanded the termination of the employment contract concluded for the period temporary transfer, and the renewal of the originally concluded employment contract, then the originally concluded employment contract is terminated, and the validity of the employment contract concluded for the period of temporary transfer is extended for a period determined by agreement of the parties, and if there is no such agreement, for an indefinite period.

Sending athletes, coaches to the sports teams of the Russian Federation

In Art. 348.6 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, the procedure for sending athletes and coaches to the sports teams of the Russian Federation is considered, according to which employers are obliged, upon calls (applications) from all-Russian sports federations, to send athletes, coaches with their written consent to the sports teams of the Russian Federation to participate in training and other events for preparation for sports competitions and in international official sports events as part of such teams.

Sports teams of the Russian Federation are teams of athletes belonging to various age groups, coaches, scientists, specialists in the field of physical culture and sports formed by all-Russian sports federations to prepare for international sports competitions and participate in them on behalf of the Russian Federation. This definition is regulated by Art. 2 of Law N 329-FZ.

According to Art. 16 of Law N 329-FZ, the preparation and formation of national teams is carried out by the relevant all-Russian sports federations.

In accordance with Art. 35 of Law N 329-FZ, sports teams of the Russian Federation may consist of the main and reserve teams.

The list of specialists in the field of physical culture and sports included in the sports teams of the Russian Federation is approved by the federal executive body in the field of physical culture and sports, taking into account the opinions of the all-Russian sports federations in the relevant sports.

To date, the List of such specialists has been approved by the Order of the Ministry of Sports and Tourism of Russia dated March 23, 2010 N 207 "On approval of the List of other specialists in the field of physical culture and sports in the Russian Federation and the List of specialists in the field of physical culture and sports included in the sports teams of the Russian Federation" .

According to Art. 348.6 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation during the absence of an athlete, coach at the workplace in connection with travel to the location of the sports team of the Russian Federation and back, as well as in connection with participation in sports events as part of the specified team, the athlete, coach retains the place of work (position) and average earnings.

When calculating average earnings, one should be guided by the norms of Art. 139 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, as well as the Regulation on the peculiarities of the procedure for calculating the average wage, approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of December 24, 2007 N 922 (hereinafter - Regulation N 922).

In accordance with par. 3 art. 139 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation and clause 4 of Regulation N 922 in any mode of operation, the calculation of the average salary of an employee is based on:

• actually accrued wages;
• actual hours worked for the 12 calendar months preceding the period during which the employee retains the average wage (billing period).

In this case, the calendar month is the period from the 1st to the 30th (31st) day of the corresponding month inclusive (in February - to the 28th (29th) day inclusive).

By virtue of Art. 348.6 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, expenses for the travel of an athlete, a coach to the location of the sports team of the Russian Federation and back, other expenses associated with their participation in sports events as part of the national team, are reimbursed in the manner prescribed by federal laws, other regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation, norms, approved by all-Russian sports federations.

Material and technical support, including the provision of sports equipment, scientific and methodological, biomedical, medical, anti-doping support for sports teams of the Russian Federation at the expense of the federal budget is carried out in the manner established by the federal executive body authorized by the Government of the Russian Federation (Article 35 of the Law N 329-FZ).

In this case, it is necessary to consider the provisions of the Order of the Ministry of Sports and Tourism of Russia dated May 27, 2010 N 525 "On approval of the Procedure for logistics, including the provision of sports equipment, scientific, methodological and anti-doping support for sports teams of the Russian Federation at the expense of the federal budget" (hereinafter - Order N 525).

Order N 525 regulates the following issues:

• logistics support of sports teams with sports and technological equipment and inventory, technical means maintenance of sports facilities, hardware and software systems for the collection and analysis of operational sports information, referee information and other equipment for sports purposes (sports equipment and inventory), ceremonial and civil outfit, sports equipment special purpose, sports equipment general purpose(uniform) (sports equipment) necessary for the organization of training and participation of sports teams in the Olympic Games, Paralympic Games, Deaflympics, international sports competitions and other events included in a single calendar plan inter-regional, all-Russian and international physical culture and sports events (ETC) (with the exception of the provision of general-purpose sports equipment and parade-civilian equipment necessary for the participation of sports teams in the Olympic Games and other international sports events held under the patronage of the International Olympic Committee);
• scientific and methodological support of sports teams (SMO);
• anti-doping support for sports teams.

This document establishes that financial support for the costs of logistics, including the provision of sports equipment, sports equipment and inventory, scientific, methodological and anti-doping support, for sports teams is provided for at the expense of budgetary appropriations approved by the Ministry of Sports and Tourism for these purposes in federal law on the federal budget for the current financial year and planning period.

The Ministry of Sports and Tourism, as the main manager of funds, brings the limits of budgetary obligations for the corresponding financial period to the subordinate federal institution "Center for Sports Training of Russian National Teams" (FGU "TsSP"), which directly provides logistics, including the provision of sports equipment, sports equipment and inventory , scientific and methodological support of sports teams.

FGU "CSP", in accordance with the adjusted limits of budgetary obligations for the corresponding financial period, carries out, in accordance with the procedure established by the legislation of the Russian Federation, placing orders for the supply of sports equipment and inventory, sports equipment, for the performance of work and the provision of services for the scientific and methodological support of sports teams and enters into relevant government contracts.

Athletes and the personnel of athletes who are members of a sports team are subject to the provision of sports equipment and inventory, sports equipment (material and technical means).

The procedure for scientific and methodological support of sports teams determines the principles for organizing scientific and methodological support for sports teams aimed at improving the efficiency of managing the training process through the use of scientific technologies, obtaining objective information about the functional state of athletes, the level of special physical, technical, tactical and psychological fitness and development of proposals for the timely correction of the training process.

Scientific and methodological support includes the main activities: systematic analysis of the dynamics and structure of training loads, examination of competitive activity, stage complex and current examinations.

The procedure for anti-doping support for sports teams of the Russian Federation at the expense of the federal budget is aimed at countering violations of anti-doping rules.

Anti-doping support for sports teams includes the main anti-doping activities: doping control, educational activities, scientific research.

Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of March 31, 2011 N 368 approved the Regulations on the procedure for paying scholarships of the President of the Russian Federation to athletes, coaches and other specialists of sports teams of the Russian Federation in sports included in the programs of the Olympic Games, Paralympic Games and Deaflympics, champions of the Olympic Games, Paralympic Games and the Deaflympics (hereinafter referred to as the Regulations on the procedure for paying scholarships).

In accordance with the said Regulations, scholarships of the President of the Russian Federation are awarded to citizens of the Russian Federation:

• champions of the Olympic, Paralympic and Deaflympics, who were part of the national teams of the USSR and (or) the Russian Federation;
• athletes, coaches and other specialists in the field of physical culture and sports from among the persons included in the lists of candidates for sports teams of the Russian Federation in sports included in the programs of the Olympic, Paralympic and Deaflympics.

Scholarships of the President of the Russian Federation are appointed by the Order of the Ministry of Sports and Tourism annually no later than February 15 current year summer sports And no later than June 15 current year winter sports and paid within one year.

The list of candidates for scholarships of the President of the Russian Federation, recommended by the commission, is approved by order of the Ministry of Sports and Tourism.

The payment of such a scholarship ceases from the month following the month in which the given ministry excluded the athlete from the list of candidates for the sports teams of the Russian Federation.

The payment of scholarships of the President of the Russian Federation is carried out in accordance with the established procedure at the expense of budgetary appropriations provided for these purposes in the federal budget for the corresponding financial year and for the planning period.

Suspension of an athlete from participation in sports competitions

For athletes, the current legislation provides additional reasons for suspension from work in addition to the general grounds. The obligation to remove an athlete from participation in sports competitions in the presence of certain special conditions is assigned to the employer.

The general grounds for dismissal from work are regulated by Art. 76 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation. These grounds apply to athletes as well.

So, the employer is obliged to remove from work (not allow to work), including the employee (sportsman):

• appeared at work in a state of alcoholic, narcotic or other toxic intoxication;
• who has not passed the mandatory medical examination (examination) in the prescribed manner, as well as the mandatory psychiatric examination in cases provided for by federal laws and other regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation;
• if, in accordance with a medical report issued in accordance with the procedure established by federal laws and other regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation, contraindications for performing work stipulated by an employment contract are revealed;
• at the request of bodies or officials authorized by federal laws and other regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation;
• in other cases.

The employer suspends from work (does not allow to work) the employee for the entire period of time until the circumstances that were the basis for suspension from work or exclusion from work are eliminated.

During the period of suspension from work (non-admission to work), wages are not accrued to the employee, with the exception of cases provided for by the Labor Code of the Russian Federation or other federal laws (such exceptions are provided, in particular, for athletes).

In cases of suspension from work of an employee who has not undergone training and testing of knowledge and skills in the field of labor protection or a mandatory preliminary or periodic medical examination (examination) through no fault of his own, he is paid for the entire time of suspension from work as for downtime.

Article 348.5 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation provides additional grounds for the removal of an athlete from participation in sports competitions:

• sports disqualification of an athlete;
• the requirement of the all-Russian sports federation for the relevant sport or sports, presented in accordance with the standards approved by this federation.

According to Art. 2 of Law N 329-FZ sports disqualification of an athlete is the removal of an athlete from participation in sports competitions, which is carried out by the international sports federation for the relevant sport or the all-Russian sports federation for the relevant sport for violating the rules of the sport, or the provisions (regulations) of sports competitions, or anti-doping rules, or norms approved by international sports organizations, or norms approved by all-Russian sports federations.

Disqualification is also one of the types of administrative punishment.

Based on Art. 3.11 of the Code of Administrative Offenses, disqualification consists in depriving an individual of the right to:

• to replace the positions of the federal state civil service, the positions of the state civil service of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation, the positions of the municipal service;
• hold positions in the executive management body of a legal entity;
• be a member of the board of directors (supervisory board);
• carry out entrepreneurial activities to manage a legal entity;
• to manage a legal entity in other cases provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation, or to carry out activities in the field of training athletes (including their medical support), organizing and holding sports events.

Administrative punishment in the form of disqualification is appointed by the judge.

Disqualification may be applied:

• to persons replacing the positions of the federal state civil service, the position of the state civil service of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation, the position of the municipal service;
• to persons exercising organizational and administrative or administrative and economic functions in the body of a legal entity;
• to members of the board of directors (supervisory board);
• to persons engaged in entrepreneurial activities without forming a legal entity, engaged in private practice, or to trainers, sports medicine specialists or other specialists in the field of physical culture and sports holding positions provided for by the list approved in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation.

The employer shall suspend the athlete from participation in sports competitions for the entire period until the circumstances that were the basis for the suspension are eliminated.

During the period of suspension of an athlete from participation in sports competitions, the employer ensures his participation in training and other events in preparation for sports competitions.

The athlete's salary is accrued and paid in the amount determined by the employment contract, but not less than that established by Art. 155 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, according to which, in case of non-fulfillment of labor standards, non-fulfillment of labor (official) duties for reasons beyond the control of the employer and employee, the employee retains at least two-thirds of the tariff rate, salary (official salary), calculated in proportion to the time actually worked.

V. Semenikhin

Supervisor

"Expert Bureau Semenikhin"