Athlete's technical training. Technical training: concept, types, tasks, means and methods
Physical training (both general and special) is carried out in the process of sports training.
The term "sports training" largely coincides in its content with the term "training of athletes". However, they must be distinguished. Athlete training is a broader concept.
sports training- this is the expedient use of knowledge, means, methods and conditions, which allows to influence the development of an athlete and provide the necessary degree of readiness for sports achievements. Sports training includes the physical, technical, tactical, mental aspects of an athlete's training.
sports training- this is that part of the athlete's training, which is built on the basis of the exercise method. For example, if an athlete performs any physical exercises, this means that sports training is carried out during the preparation. If he studies the features of the competitive activity of opponents by watching videos, then in this case the preparation is carried out, but the training is not. The positive effect of training should be expressed in an increased level of functional capabilities of the athlete's body, general and special performance. The functional state of an athlete, his fitness is the main object of control in the process of sports training. In turn, the athlete's training system includes such processes as: competition, sports training, material and information support for training conditions.
In training, and especially in competitive activity, none of the aspects of sports training is manifested in isolation. They are combined into a complex multifunctional process aimed at achieving the highest sports results.
Technical training- teaching the technique of actions performed in competitions or serving as means of training. In the process of technical training, an athlete masters the technique of the chosen sport, masters the appropriate motor skills and abilities, bringing them to the highest possible degree of perfection.
tactical training athlete involves the assimilation theoretical foundations sports tactics, practical mastering of tactical techniques, their combinations, variants, education of tactical thinking and other abilities that determine tactical mastery.
mental preparation. The main content of mental training is the education of volitional abilities: purposefulness, determination and courage, perseverance and perseverance, endurance and self-control, independence and initiative. Mental preparation is carried out in the process of training with gradually increasing difficulties and in competitive conditions.
Physical training. As mentioned above, physical training is divided into general and special physical training. Each sport has its own specific requirements for physical fitness athlete - the level of development of individual physical qualities, functionality and physique. Therefore, there are certain differences in the content and methodology physical training in a particular sport, among athletes of various ages and qualifications. The ratio of GPP and SPP in the training process depends on the tasks to be solved, age, qualification and individual characteristics of the athlete, sport, stages and periods training process. In the process of long-term training, with the growth of the athlete's skill, the proportion of SPP funds increases and, accordingly, the amount of GPP funds decreases. The effectiveness of the training process can be determined by the quality of such concepts as fitness, readiness, sports form.
Fitness an athlete is characterized by the degree of functional adaptation of the body to the training loads presented, which is formed as a result of systematic exercise and enhancing performance.
Training is divided into general and special.
General fitness is formed under the influence of exercises of a general developmental nature, which increase the functional capabilities of the body.
Special fitness is acquired as a result of performing a specific type of muscular activity in the chosen sport.
Training is always focused on a specific type of athlete's specialization and is expressed as:
In increasing the level of functional capabilities of his body,
Specific and general performance,
In the achieved degree of perfection of sports skills and abilities.
Preparedness- this is a complex result of the physical, technical, tactical, mental training of an athlete.
Sports uniform- this is the highest degree of preparedness of an athlete, characterized by his ability to simultaneously implement in the competitive activity of various aspects of the athlete's training (technical, physical, tactical, mental). Sports form is associated with the manifestation of a complex perception of competitive activity in the chosen sport: “sense of water”, “sense of ice”, “sense of the ball”, etc.
6.3. Means of sports training
The main specific means of sports training are physical exercises - competitive, specially preparatory and general preparatory.
Competitive exercises are holistic motor actions (or a set of motor actions) that are a means of competitive struggle in the chosen sport and are performed, if possible, in accordance with the rules of the competition in the chosen sport. For example, in weightlifting - individual weightlifter biathlon exercises (snatch, clean and jerk); v sports swimming- swimming certain distances sports styles(crawl on the chest, butterfly, breaststroke, crawl on the back). The concept of "competitive exercise" is identical to the sport.
Specially preparatory exercises are exercises that are similar to competitive exercises in terms of movement structure, rhythmic, temporal and other characteristics. For example, for a runner-athlete, this will be a run of segments of a chosen distance; for gamers - game actions and combinations. Another example is exercises that are close in form to competitive action: for cross-country skiers - exercises on roller skis; gymnasts - exercises on a trampoline, etc.
Depending on the direction of the training sessions, specially preparatory exercises are divided into leading (for mastering the form, movement techniques) and developing (for developing strength, endurance, flexibility and other physical qualities) exercises. Among the specially preparatory exercises also include imitation exercises that maximally correspond in terms of coordination structure to the nature of the performance of a competitive exercise.
General preparatory exercises are predominantly means general training athlete. For this purpose, a wide variety of general physical exercises, exercises from related sports can be used.
Besides training exercises in sports training, natural health-improving means are widely used: water and air procedures, training sessions in various weather conditions, in mid-mountain and high-mountain conditions. They are used to increase the body's resistance to the effects of cooling, warming, lack of oxygen, i.e., for hardening and strengthening the health of an athlete.
6.4. Organization and structure of a separate training session
The initial holistic link, which combines the elements of sports training in a certain order, is the structure of a separate training session (class and non-class). A separate training session has typical parts: preparatory (which received the name “warm-up” in sports practice), main and final. The content of a separate training session is determined by the direction of the motional tasks to be solved. It is not typical for sports practice to have a lot of basic tasks planned for a separate lesson. The increased complexity of the requirements of sports improvement obliges to control the efforts in each individual lesson on a relatively small range of tasks. Often, the main content of a training session can be only one type of motor activity, for example, cross-country running. The preparatory and final parts of the lesson in this case are also built to a large extent on the content of running. With a more diverse content of classes, its structure becomes more complicated, first of all, in the main part, where the order of combining various exercises, alternating loads and rest becomes more complicated. However, the structure of a training session in sports is usually more monolithic than in other forms of physical education.
Preparatory part training session or warm-up. Any physical training should start with a warm-up. This is a strict and necessary condition for the methodology of conducting classes, and it is quite understandable. A certain degree of excitability of the central nervous system, somatic and autonomic nervous systems should be a physiological prerequisite for improving muscle activity during physical exercise. This state of the body can be achieved primarily by preparatory, warm-up exercises.
The physiological effect of the warm-up is explained by the fact that the vegetative organs and systems of a person have a certain inertia and do not immediately begin to act at the functional level that is required for the high-quality provision of motor activity.
The essence of the warm-up is to increase the mobility of the autonomic organs and systems of a person and the excitability of nervous processes. Preliminary muscle work helps to accelerate the physico-chemical metabolic processes, namely in the skeletal muscles itself, which is reflected in an increase in internal temperature, which facilitates chemical reactions.
In the process of warming up, working capacity increases gradually, approximately to the level required during the main work period. In other words, the warm-up solves the problem of strengthening the activity of the body and its individual systems to ensure the output to the required level of performance. It calls a new installation in operation internal organs, enhances activity respiratory system, expressed in a change in the frequency and depth of breathing, which, in turn, leads to an increase in pulmonary ventilation and gas exchange, increases the activity of the circulatory system, and enhances metabolism in the muscles of the musculoskeletal system. All these changes lead to a smooth transition of the body from a state of rest to a readiness to endure a certain physical activity.
In addition, a well-conducted warm-up gives another positive result: the risk of injury during the main exercise is reduced. physical activity. The warm-up is accompanied by an increase in the temperature of the skin and body, and at the same time, the viscosity of the muscles decreases, that is, their internal friction, the elasticity of the ligaments and tendons increases, which is a positive factor for preventing injuries. In addition, during the warm-up, the optimal level of excitability of precisely those central and peripheral systems and parts of the motor apparatus that are necessary for the upcoming exercise is achieved.
A natural question arises: how to build the introductory part of a training session or a pre-start warm-up for a competition?
Most of the research on the warm-up and the practical experience of trainers suggest that the warm-up should consist of two interrelated parts - general and special.
The task of the first part of the warm-up is to increase the functionality of the body as a whole to a higher level of performance. In this case, a kind of “warming up” of the body occurs. Therefore, it can be almost similar in all sports and consist of walking, slow running, a set of general developmental exercises. Optimal time cyclic part of the warm-up 10–15 min. Gymnastic movements should be composed as a complex of sequentially performed exercises of different directions.
Physiologically justified is the sequence of all possible movements, starting with upper parts body and ending with the bottom:
1. Tilts, turns, circular movements of the head.
2. Flexion and extension, circular movements, sequentially performed by the hands, elbow and shoulder joints.
3. Tilts, turns, circular movements of the body.
4. Swinging movements with legs, squats, lunges.
Each exercise should be started at a slow pace and with a small range of motion with a gradual increase. After such or similar complex, you can proceed to the special part of the warm-up.
The special part of the warm-up should be closely related to the specialization of the chosen sport. Its task is to establish the most optimal relationship between the structure of the upcoming movement and the activity of the central nervous system. This is where the basic "setting" of the body for the upcoming work takes place. The exercises used in the special part of the warm-up should be as close as possible to the main training or competitive exercises in their content.
The main part of the training session provides a solution to the problems of teaching the technique of motor actions and the education of physical and personal qualities.
Training sessions aimed at improving the level physical fitness are based on the use of a variety of physical exercises - general developmental, sports, reflecting the specifics of the chosen sport, exercises from other sports. Various training methods are used: uniform, repeated, interval, circular, competitive and game. The volume and intensity of general developmental, special-preparatory, competitive exercises used; the number of repetitions, series, the nature and duration of the rest are selected taking into account gender, age, health status, level of preparedness, psychophysical state, conditions of the places of employment.
Training sessions aimed at technical readiness, are not distinguished by a high motor (motor) density of occupations. The content of such classes is the development of the basics, details of the technique, the learning of new movements, the improvement of the technique of previously learned motor actions.
In sports training, the most common mixed(complex) training sessions aimed at solving the problems of teaching technique, educating physical and personal qualities, monitoring the level of physical fitness.
The final part of the training session It is designed to gradually reduce the load and, accordingly, restore the body. For this purpose, low-intensity running, walking, breathing exercises and stretching and relaxation exercises. It is good to finish the workout with water procedures.
6.5. Physical activity and their dosing
The main factor determining the degree of influence of muscle activity on physical development, is the load of exercise.
physical exercises (physical load) is a certain measure of their influence on the body of those involved, as well as the degree of subjective and objective difficulties overcome in this case. Two students with different levels of physical fitness, performing the same muscular work, will receive a different load. That is, the load is not the work itself, but its consequence. The action of the load is the body's response to the work done. One of the main indicators of the compliance of the load with the level of preparedness of the body are external signs of fatigue (Table 1).Table 1
External signs of fatigue
| signs | Degree of fatigue | ||
| light | significant | very big | |
| Skin color of the face and body | slight redness | Significant redness | Sharp redness, blanching, cyanosis of the lips |
| sweating | Small, mostly on the face | Large, head and torso | Very strong, performance of salt |
| Breath | Accelerated smooth | Significant increase, intermittently by mouth | Sharply accelerated, superficial, the appearance of shortness of breath |
| movements | not violated | Unsure | Swaying, impaired coordination of movements, trembling of the limbs - tremor |
| Attention | Unmistakable | Inaccurate command execution | Slow job execution |
| well-being | No complaints | Complaints of fatigue, palpitations, shortness of breath, etc. | Severe fatigue, leg pain, dizziness, tinnitus, headache, nausea, etc. |
Physical activity in each case should be optimal: insufficient exercise is not effective, excessive exercise is harmful to the body. If the load remains the same and does not change, then its impact becomes habitual and ceases to be a developing stimulus. Therefore, a gradual increase in physical activity is a necessary requirement for physical exercise.
By their nature, the loads are divided into training and competitive; in size - moderate, medium, high or ultimate loads; by orientation - contributing to the improvement of individual physical qualities (speed, power, coordination, etc.).
Training loads characterized by a number of physical and physiological indicators. TO physical indicators loads include quantitative signs of the work performed (range of motion, number of repetitions, pace of execution, degree of complexity of the exercise, etc.). Physiological parameters characterize the level of mobilization of the body's functional reserves (increase in heart rate, stroke volume, cardiac output).
Dosing physical activity, regulation of the intensity of their impact on the body are associated with the following factors that must be taken into account:
number of repetitions of the exercise: the more times the exercise is repeated, the greater the load, and vice versa;
range of motion: with an increase in amplitude, the load on the body increases;
initial position: The position from which the exercise is performed significantly affects the degree of physical activity. These include: changing the shape and size of the supporting surface when performing exercises (standing, sitting, lying), the use of initial positions that isolate the work of auxiliary muscle groups (with the help of gymnastic equipment and objects), increasing the load on the main muscle group and on the whole organism, changes in the position of the center of gravity of the body in relation to the support;
exercise pace: the pace can be slow, medium, fast. In cyclic exercises, for example, a fast pace gives a large load, in power exercises a slow pace;
duration and nature of rest pauses between exercises. Longer rests help your body recover more fully. By the nature of the rest pauses can be passive and active. With active pauses, when light unloading exercises or muscle relaxation exercises are performed, the recovery effect increases.
Given the above factors, it is possible to reduce or increase the total physical activity in one lesson and in a series of classes over a long period of time.
The totality of the physical parameters of the load, their combinations generally determine the intensity and volume of the training load.
The most informative and widely used indicator of the intensity of physical activity is heart rate. The basis for determining the intensity of the training load by heart rate is the relationship between them - the greater the load, the greater the heart rate.
Relative working heart rate (% HR max) is the percentage of the heart rate during exercise and the maximum heart rate for this person. Approximately heart rate max can be calculated by the formula:
Heart rate max = 220 - human age (years)
When determining the intensity of training loads by heart rate, two indicators are used: threshold and peak heart rate. Threshold heart rate is the lowest intensity below which no training effect occurs. Peak heart rate is the highest intensity that should not be exceeded as a result of a workout. Approximate indicators of heart rate in healthy people involved in sports can be threshold - 75% and peak - 95% of maximum heart rate. The lower the level of physical fitness of a person, the lower the intensity of the training load should be.
Individual zones of intensity of loads are determined by heart rate (Fig. 6.1).
ANSP
|
First zone- Heart rate 100–130 beats/min, zone of moderate intensity of exercise, characterized by an aerobic process of energy transformations (without oxygen debt). Work in this intensity zone is considered easy and can be done for a long time. The training effect can be found only in poorly trained students; beginners; in people with poor health, especially those with cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. Athletes can use it for warm-up, recovery or outdoor activities.
Second zone- HR 130–150 beats/min, a zone of average intensity of exercise, also characterized by an aerobic process of energy supply to muscle activity. It stimulates recovery processes, improves metabolic processes, improves aerobic capacity, develops overall endurance. As a training area, it is most typical for beginner athletes. Work in this zone can be performed from one to several hours (long cross-country running, long continuous swimming, marathon distances and etc.).
Third zone- Heart rate 150-170 beats / min, high intensity zone - mixed, aerobic-anaerobic. In this zone, anaerobic (oxygen-free) mechanisms of energy supply for muscle activity are activated. It is believed that 150 beats / min is the threshold of anaerobic metabolism (TAN). However, in poorly trained athletes, ANEP can also occur at a heart rate of 130-140 beats per minute, while in well-trained athletes, ANEP can "move back" to the border of 160-170 beats per minute. Training work in this zone can take place, depending on preparedness, from 10–15 minutes to an hour or more (in the practice of sports highest achievements). It promotes the development and improvement of special endurance, requiring high aerobic abilities.
Fourth zone- 170–200 beats/min, zone of high or extreme load intensity, anaerobic-aerobic. In the fourth zone, anaerobic energy supply mechanisms are being improved against the background of a significant oxygen debt. Due to the high intensity of the load, its duration is short (from 3–5 to 30 minutes).
In general, the duration of classes in a particular zone of intensity of loads depends on the level of preparedness.
Control questions
1. The concepts of general and special physical training.
2. Differences between concepts sports training and sports training.
3. Hand training athlete.
4. Means of sports training.
5. The structure of a separate training session.
6. The role of warm-up in the training process.
7. The concept of "physical activity", the effect of its impact on the body.
8. External signs of fatigue.
9. Types and parameters of physical activity.
10. The intensity of physical activity.
Sports training (training) is the expedient use of knowledge, means, methods and conditions, which makes it possible to directly influence the development of an athlete and provide the necessary degree of his preparedness for sports achievements.
At present, sport is developing in two directions, which have a different target orientation - mass sport and sport of higher achievements. Their goals and objectives differ from each other, however, there is no clear boundary between them due to the natural transition of some trainees from mass sports to big sports and vice versa. The purpose of sports training in the field of mass sports is to improve health, improve physical condition and leisure. The goal in the field of elite sports is to achieve the highest possible results in competitive activities.
However, as regards the means, methods, principles of sports training (training), they are similar both in mass sports and in sports of the highest achievements. Fundamentally common is the structure of the training of athletes who train and function in the field of mass sports and elite sports.
2.1.1. The structure of the athlete's training.
Athlete training structure includes technical, physical, tactical and mental elements.
Under technical readiness it is necessary to understand the degree of development of the athlete of the technique of the system of movements of a particular sport. It is closely related to the physical, tactical and mental capabilities of the athlete. The structure of technical readiness always contains the so-called basic and additional movements.
The basic ones include movements and actions that form the basis of the technical equipment of this sport. Mastering the basic movements is mandatory for an athlete specializing in this sport. Additional movements include secondary movements, actions that do not violate his rationality and at the same time are characteristic of the individual characteristics of this athlete.
Physical fitness are the capabilities of the functional systems of the body. It reflects the necessary level of development of those physical qualities on which competitive success in a particular sport depends.
tactical readiness of an athlete depends on how much he masters the means of sports tactics (for example, the technical methods necessary to implement the chosen tactics), its types (offensive, defensive, counterattacking) and forms (individual, group, team). When developing a tactical plan, not only one's own technical and tactical capabilities are taken into account, but also the capabilities of teammates and opponents. The specificity of a sport is a decisive factor that determines the structure of an athlete's tactical readiness. So among equal runners, the one who can impose his tactics on overcoming the distance will win. Things are more complicated with tactical training in games and martial arts. The complexity of tactical actions here is determined not only by technical, functional readiness, the number of tactical actions worked out in advance, but also by the speed of decision-making and their implementation with frequent changes in the competitive situation. The ability to make quick and effective decisions in the face of time pressure and limited space distinguishes a master from a novice.
Activity tactical actions during competitions is an important indicator of sportsmanship. Athlete highly qualified must be able to impose his will on the opponent during the competition.
Mental preparedness structurally heterogeneous. It is possible to distinguish two relatively independent and at the same time interrelated aspects in it: volitional and special mental preparedness.
Volitional readiness is associated with such qualities as purposefulness (a clear vision of a long-term goal), determination and courage (a tendency to take reasonable risks combined with thoughtfulness of decisions), perseverance and perseverance (the ability to mobilize functional reserves, activity in achieving a goal), endurance and self-control (the ability to manage their thoughts and actions in conditions of emotional arousal), independence and initiative. These qualities may be inherent in an athlete, but most of them are brought up and improved in the process of regular training and sports competitions.
The specificity of some sports leaves an imprint on the nature and degree of development of individual mental qualities in athletes. However, certain methodological techniques are also used to educate volitional preparedness. In practice, the following requirements serve as the basis for the methodology of volitional training.
Regularly and necessarily carry out training programs and competitive installations.
On this basis, the upbringing of purposefulness, perseverance and perseverance in achieving the goal, self-discipline and resilience is realized.
Systemically introduce additional difficulties.
This means constantly including additional complicated motor tasks, conducting training sessions in complicated conditions, increasing the degree of risk, complicating competitive programs.
Use competition and competitive method.
The very spirit of competition in competitions increases the degree of mental tension of an athlete, which means that additional requirements are imposed on him: to show activity, initiative, self-control, determination, stamina and courage.
The concept of the structure of physical qualities in a general form was formulated in a number of works (V.M. Zatsiorsky, 1961, 1965; Yu.V. Verkhoshansky, 1963, 1970, 1972), but only in terms of setting the problem, and still not received sufficient content development. However, the facts about
to the problem of the structure of physical fitness of athletes are quite extensive and concentrated in the literature around such issues as the relationship of physical qualities in the process of their development, the "transfer" of these qualities from one type of activity to another (see reviews N.V. Zimkin, 1956 , 1965; N. N. Yakovlev et al., 1960; V. M. Zatsiorsky, 1965; D. Hebb, 1949; F. Lindeburg, 1949; D. Nelson, 1957; R. Woodworth, 1958; B. Cratty, 1962, 1964). Here it is advisable to note only the main provisions that determine the approaches to the meaningful development of the concept of the structure of the athlete's physical fitness.
It has been established that the degree of transfer of physical qualities decreases with the growth of fitness (N.V. Zimkin, 1965; V.M. Za-tsiorsky, 1965), that the transfer mechanism is highly specific (F. Cumbeca. o., 1957; D. Nelson, 1957; I. Bachman, 1961; B. Cratty, 1968; I. Lawther, 1968; A. Barrow, 1971) that the relationship between physical qualities can be positive,
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negative or neutral (N.V. Zimkin, 1956) and from positive at the initial stage of training can then turn into negative (A.V. Korobkov, 1958).
In works concerning the methodological issues of the relationship of physical qualities, it has been repeatedly noted that training consisting of exercises that require speed, strength and endurance develops each of these qualities better than training each of them, even with increased training. load (N.G. Ozolin, 1949, 1970). The development of each quality has a positive effect on the development of others, and, conversely, the lag
in the development of one or several qualities, it limits the development of others (A.N. Krestovnikov, 1951; S.V. Kaledin, 1961; N.V. Zimkin, 1956; N.N. Yakovlev et al., 1961). For example, the development of strength and speed determines the development of the ability to display fast strength (A.V. Korobkov, 1953; N.V. Zimkin, 1956; V.V. Kuznetsov, 1970).
The theoretical premise here is a hypothetical assumption about the so-called single physiological mechanism (conditioned reflex), which supposedly underlies the activity of muscles. Training leads to the formation of an "extensive background" of temporary connections, on the basis of which, due to the so-called plasticity of the nervous system, various combinations of qualitative aspects of motor activity can arise, depending on the direction of the training process. In this regard, it was assumed that, at first, the components of a complex motor quality should be separately developed by appropriate means, and then integrated into the main sports exercise or movements structurally similar to it.
Recently, the concept of the so-called qualitative specificity of human motor abilities, which was formed back in the 30s, has been developed, based on extensive factual material (I. Downev, 1923; G. Allport, 1933; S. Ms Cloy, 1937; N. Iones, 1949; for a review, see Yu.V. Verkhoshansky, 1970, 1972), which indicates a very complex relationship between motor abilities developed by various means under various modes muscle work and having, as a result, a low degree of generality, a high degree of specificity and poor portability from one type of activity to another. According to this concept, there are general and specific abilities. General abilities underlie the performance of more than one task; they
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relatively constant compared to significant fluctuations in the conditions under which the task is performed. The general motor abilities of a person provide the basis for the implementation of motor activity and are determined by relatively stable constitutional features, regulated by heredity, structure and physiology of the body.
Specific abilities determine the functional specificity of behavior in complex motor situations and are mainly the result of motor experience, the influence of the environment and interaction with it. If general abilities ensure the performance of several groups of tasks that are close in terms of quality, then specific abilities, being
highly independent, provide only one specific activity.
Attempts have been made to formulate theories explaining the essence and physiological mechanism of qualitative specificity and functional independence of motor abilities by the presence of specific neuromotor coordination of muscle activity (P. Fitts, 1954; F. Henky, 1952, 1960; F. Henky, G. Whitlec, 1960; K. Smith, 1962). However, such attempts were only speculative conclusions based on rather lightweight facts.
As for the structure power abilities, then there is still a lot of unclear and contradictory, despite numerous studies conducted in our country and abroad. An analysis of the literature data (see the review by Yu.V. Verkhoshansky, 1970, 1972) makes it possible to single out some provisions based on a more or less unanimous opinion of specialists. Thus, a significant part of experimental work indicates that muscle strength developed by one means cannot be useful in many ways, that muscle strength does not correlate with the speed of movements and strength exercises worsen the speed of movements, that static strength and dynamic strength are not interconnected, that isometric training may not have a transfer to dynamic mode, that dynamic strength is more related to motor abilities than isometric training.
However, it should be noted that the above conclusions regarding the relationship of motor abilities were often made on the basis of experimental data obtained on a random contingent of test subjects, predominantly of low sports qualification and without taking into account objective patterns, determined by
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lyayuschie dynamics of sportsmanship. So treat
These conclusions should be approached very carefully, limiting the limits of their validity to the category of athletes (subjects) on which they were obtained, and not rushing to generalizations.
The concept of the structure of the physical (and, in particular, strength) fitness of athletes is proposed below based on the actual data and results of the study (Yu.V. Verkhoshansky et al.). At the same time, it seems appropriate to distinguish between the concepts of the composition and structure of the athlete's physical fitness. The composition is understood as a complex of qualitatively specific forms of working capacity that are objectively inherent in a person and determine the success of his sports activity, and the structure is an expedient system-forming principle of interconnection in a complex of motor abilities, ensuring their functional unity and working capabilities of a person.
The structure of an athlete's preparedness includes technical, physical, tactical and mental elements.
Technical readiness should be understood as the degree of mastering by an athlete of the technique of the system of movements of a particular sport. It is closely related to the physical, mental and tactical capabilities of the athlete, as well as to the conditions external environment. Changes to competition rules, use of other sports equipment significantly affects the content of the technical preparedness of athletes.
The structure of technical readiness always contains the so-called basic and additional movements.
The basic ones include movements and actions that form the basis of the technical equipment of this sport. Mastering the basic movements is mandatory for an athlete specializing in this sport.
Additional movements include secondary movements and actions, elements of individual movements that do not violate its rationality and at the same time are characteristic of the individual characteristics of this athlete.
Physical fitness is the capabilities of the functional systems of the body. It reflects the necessary level of development of those physical qualities on which competitive success in a particular sport depends.
The tactical readiness of an athlete depends on how much he masters the means of sports tactics (for example, the techniques necessary to implement the chosen tactics), its types (offensive, defensive, counterattacking) and forms (individual, group, team).
Tactical tasks can be of a prospective nature (for example, participation in a series of competitions, where one of them is the main thing in the season) and local, i.e. associated with participation in a separate competition, a specific fight, fight, race, swim, game. When developing a tactical plan, not only one's own technical and tactical capabilities are taken into account, but also the capabilities of teammates and opponents.
Selected options for tactical actions in a number of cases can be worked out specifically in training sessions. The specificity of a sport is a decisive factor that determines the structure of an athlete's tactical preparedness. So, when running at medium distances (800.1500 m), a runner with a higher level of sprinting qualities will strive to slow down the entire distance in order to achieve victory with a short (100-150 m) quick finishing spurt. A runner with a higher level of endurance, on the contrary, is more profitable to run at a high even pace throughout the distance and win the race thanks to a long (sometimes a third of the distance) finishing spurt. Among equal runners, the one who can impose his tactics on overcoming the distance will win.
The situation is more complicated with tactical training in games, martial arts. The complexity of an athlete’s tactical actions here is determined not only by technical, functional preparedness, the number of tactical actions worked out in advance, but also by the speed of decision-making and their implementation with frequent changes in competitive situations. The ability to make quick and effective decisions in conditions of time pressure, limited space, lack of information due to the fact that the opponent masks his possible actions distinguishes the master from the beginner.
The effectiveness of tactical preparedness in the competition of equal opponents in many sports is determined by the ability of the athlete to anticipate the competitive situation before it unfolds. The ability to do this develops in training sessions, as well as with a constant analysis of competitive experience.
The activity of tactical actions during the competition is an important indicator of sportsmanship. A highly qualified athlete must be able to impose his will on the opponent during the competition.
Mental preparedness. its structure is heterogeneous. It is possible to distinguish two relatively independent and at the same time interrelated aspects in it: volitional and special mental preparedness.
Volitional readiness is associated with such qualities as purposefulness (a clear vision of a long-term goal), determination and courage (a propensity for reasonable risk combined with thoughtfulness of decisions), perseverance and perseverance (the ability to mobilize functional reserves, activity in achieving a goal), endurance and self-control ( the ability to control one's thoughts and actions in conditions of emotional arousal), independence and initiative. Some of these qualities may initially be inherent in one or another athlete, but most of them are brought up and improved in the process of regular training work and sports competitions.
The specificity of some sports leaves an imprint on the nature and degree of development of individual mental qualities in athletes. However, certain methodological techniques are also used to educate volitional preparedness. In practice, the following requirements serve as the basis for the methodology of volitional training.
1. Regularly and be sure to perform training program and competitive settings.
This requirement is connected with the education of sports industriousness, the habit of systematic efforts and perseverance in overcoming difficulties, with a clear understanding of the impossibility of reaching sports peaks without the appropriate mobilization of spiritual and physical strength. On this basis, the upbringing of purposefulness, perseverance and perseverance in achieving the goal, self-discipline and resilience is realized.
2. Systemically introduce additional difficulties.
This means constantly including additional complicated motor tasks, conducting training sessions in complicated conditions, increasing the degree of risk, introducing disturbing sensory-emotional factors, and complicating competitive programs.
3. Use competition and the competitive method. The very spirit of competition in competitions increases the degree of mental tension of the athlete, which means that additional requirements are imposed on him: to show activity, initiative, self-control, determination, stamina and courage.
In the structure of the athlete's special mental readiness, it is necessary to single out those aspects that can be improved in the course of sports training:
- - resistance to stressful situations of training and competitive activities;
- - kinesthetic and visual perceptions of motor actions and the environment;
- - the ability to mental regulation of movements, ensuring effective muscle coordination;
- - the ability to perceive, organize and process information under time pressure;
- - the ability to form in the structures of the brain anticipatory reactions, programs that precede the real action.
Topic: Technical training of an athlete
Plan:
1. Concept and technical training
The place and importance of sports equipment in various types sports
2. Types, tasks of technical training
3. Characteristics of motor skill and motor skill
4. Stages of training in sports equipment
5. Methodology of technical training (means and methods)
6. Causes of technical errors and ways to correct them
Under sports equipment (sport equipment) should be understood as a set of techniques and actions that provide the most effective solution of motor tasks, due to the specifics of a particular sport, type of competition.
Technical training is the degree to which an athlete has mastered the system of movements (techniques of a sport), corresponding to the characteristics of a given sports discipline and aimed at achieving the highest sports results.
The role of sports equipment in different sports is not the same. There are four groups of sports with their characteristic sports technique.
1. Speed-strength sports (sprinting, throwing, jumping, weightlifting, etc.). In these sports, the technique is aimed at ensuring that the athlete can develop the most powerful and fastest efforts in the main phases of the competitive exercise, for example, during repulsion in running or long and high jumps, when performing the final effort in javelin throwing, discus throwing, etc. d.
2. Sports characterized by a predominant manifestation of endurance (long-distance running, cross-country skiing, cycling, etc.). Here, the technique should be aimed at economizing energy resources in the athlete's body.
3. Sports in which the art of movement lies (gymnastics, acrobatics, diving, etc.). Technique should provide the athlete with beauty, expressiveness and accuracy of movements.
4. Sports games and martial arts. Technique should provide high performance, stability and variability of the athlete's actions in constantly changing conditions of competitive struggle.
The technical readiness of an athlete is characterized by what in can and how he owns technique of mastered actions. A sufficiently high level of technical readiness is called technical skill.
The main characteristics of rational technology are:
v Scope of technique- the total number of techniques that an athlete can perform.
v Versatility of technology- the degree of variety of techniques (in sports games this is the ratio of the frequency of using different playing techniques).
v Mastering the technique of movements- this criterion shows how this technical action is memorized, fixed. For well-mastered movements are typical: stability, stability, automation;
v Technique efficiency- is determined by its compliance with the tasks we solve and the high end result.
v Economy of technology- characterized by the rational use of energy in the implementation of techniques and actions, the appropriate use of time and space. Minimum energy consumption, the least stress of the athlete's mental capabilities.
v The minimum information content of technology for rivals- the ability to disguise their plans and act unexpectedly. Therefore, a high level of technical readiness implies the ability of an athlete to perform such movements, which, on the one hand, are quite effective to achieve the goal, and on the other hand, do not have clearly expressed informational details that unmask the opponent's intention.
There are General and Special technical training:
General technical training is aimed at mastering the versatile DUiN necessary in sports activities.
The tasks in the process of general technical training are solved as follows:
Increase the volume (range) of DUiN, which is a prerequisite for the formation of skills in the chosen sport;
‚ To master the technique of exercises used as means of physical training.
Special technical training aimed at mastering the technique of movements in the chosen sport. It provides the following tasks:
ΠTo form knowledge about the technique of sports actions;
Achievement of high stability and rational variability of specialized movements - which form the basis of the technique of the sport;
Ž Diversify individual shapes technical actions, most fully corresponding to the capabilities of the athlete;
Improving motor actions for successful participation in competitions;
To increase the reliability and effectiveness of the athlete's technical actions in extreme competitive conditions;
‘To form new variants of sports equipment that have not been used before. (for example, the “fosbury flop” in high jumps, the technique of pushing the shots according to the principle of rotation, as in discus throwing, “skating” in skiing, etc.);
’ Improving the technical skills of athletes, based on the requirements of sports practice and the achievements of scientific and technological progress.
Characteristics of motor skill and motor skill
In the process of technical training of an athlete, a large, painstaking work is carried out on the assimilation of knowledge, the formation of motor skills and abilities. When mastering the technique of any motor action, the ability to perform it first arises, then, as further deepening and improvement, the skill gradually turns into a skill. Skill and skill differ from each other mainly in the degree of mastery.
MOTOR SKILL- this is such a degree of mastery of a motor action (MA), which is characterized by conscious control of movement, with the active role of thinking.
Characteristic features of motor skills are:
Ø Traffic control is not automated;
Ø The student's consciousness is loaded with the control of each movement;
Ø Low speed of execution;
Ø The action is not performed economically, with a significant degree of fatigue;
Ø There is a dismemberment of movements;
Ø Instability of action;
Ø Fragile memorization of the action;
Further improvement of DD with repeated repetition leads to its automated implementation, i.e. the skill turns into a skill.
MOTOR SKILLS - this is the optimal degree of mastery of the action, in which the control of movements occurs automatically, i.e., no special attention is required for them.
Characteristic signs of skills:
Ø Automated motion control;
Ø Consciousness is released from detailed control over each movement, however, the execution must be conscious;
Ø Unity of movements, i.e., the unification of a number of elementary movements into a single whole;
Ø No excessive muscle tension, unnecessary actions;
Ø Speed, ease, efficiency and accuracy of movements during its implementation;
Ø High stability of action under the influence of confounding factors (fatigue, bad external conditions, etc.);
Ø Strength of action memorization. A skill, if it is firmly fixed, does not disappear even with long breaks).
The formation of some motor skills can have a certain impact on the assimilation of other skills - this phenomenon is called transfer of skills. Distinguish:
§ Positive carry- the interaction of skills, in which a previously formed skill facilitates the process of forming a subsequent one. For example, the skill of throwing a small tennis ball helps to master the javelin throw.
§ Negative carry - such an interaction of skills, in which a previously formed skill makes it difficult to form a subsequent one. For example, while learning a back flip and a back flip.
In the construction of the learning process, one can single out STAGES OF TRAINING, both independent and interconnected:
First stage - initial learning (rough coordination) . In the course of it, a general idea of the motor action is created (by the methods of storytelling and demonstration) and an attitude is formed to master it, the main mechanism of movement is studied, the structure of execution is formed (by holistic, dissected methods), gross errors are prevented and eliminated. If the trainee, after creating a mental and visual representation of the physical exercise being studied, is able to independently reproduce the basis of his technique, then this completes the first stage of training. This is usually observed when learning many general preparatory and other simple exercises. It is necessary to achieve independent fulfillment by those involved in the basics of the DD technique as a whole by facilitating the conditions for fulfillment, while gradually reducing the assistance provided. Multiple repetition of the studied DD at each lesson.
Second phase - in-depth learning (fine coordination) . The learning is in-depth, the understanding of the patterns of DD is detailed, its coordination structure is improved by the elements of movement. The attention of those involved selectively focuses on individual details of the technique, awareness of its spatial characteristics, temporal and dynamic. At the same time, the mental activity of those involved is directed to understanding the meaning of the movements being learned and the causes of minor errors, appropriate conditions are created during execution (lightened, complicated), forcing to consistently focus on the specified details.
Third stage - consolidation and further improvement (stable and variable fine coordination ) . A skill is created and the ability to appropriately apply DD in real conditions of practical activity (both training and competitive actions) is formed. Consolidation occurs in the process of repeated repetition of the learned action in relatively constant external conditions. In the future, stabilization and improvement are carried out, the necessary strength and stability are achieved (using a holistic method). The duration of the third stage depends on the preparedness of the trainees and many other factors. On the whole, the improvement of technology must acquire an increasingly individualized character at this stage. This requires the coach to study the features of the physique, the level of development of physical qualities. At this stage, the mobility and variability of the action is ensured, its adaptability to the confounding factors of the external environment, changes in the physical and mental state of those involved - at the same time, the conditions of the real situation are partially created. practical application(competitive). The number of repetitions increases from session to session. At this stage, the need for effective action is developed.
Basic provisions of the technical training methodology
(means, methods)
The use of means and methods depends on the characteristics of the technique of the chosen sport, the age and qualifications of the athlete, the stages of technical training in the annual and multi-year training cycles.
Means and methods of verbal, visual impact These include:
a) Conversations, explanations, story, description, etc.;
b) Demonstration of the technique of the studied movement;
c) Demonstration of posters, diagrams, films, videotapes, etc.;
d) Use of subject and other reference points;
e) Sound and light leading;
e) Various simulators registering devices.
Means and methods, which are based on the performance of any physical exercises by an athlete in this case apply:
MEANS: The main means of learning are physical exercises.
Leading (gradually approaching the main)
Imitative (copying mainly the characteristics of the action being learned)
General preparatory exercises. They allow you to master a variety of skills that are the foundation for the growth of technical skills in your chosen sport;
Special preparatory and competitive exercises. They are aimed at mastering the technique of their sport;
- methods of holistic and dissected exercise, they are aimed at mastering, correcting, fixing and improving the technique of an integral motor action or its separate parts, phases, elements;
Uniform
Variable
Repeated
interval,
Game
Competitive and other methods that contribute to the improvement and stabilization of movement technique.
Additional material
Motor skill – is the ability to perform DD based on certain knowledge of his technique, starting from the relevant prerequisites with great concentration engaged in constructing a given scheme of movements. In the process of formation of motor skills, the search for the optimal variant of movement occurs with the leading role of consciousness. Repeated repetition of motor actions leads to gradual automation of movements and motor skill turns into a skill, characterized by such a degree of proficiency in technology, in which movement control is automated, and actions are highly reliable.
In the process of sports training, DPs have an auxiliary function. It can manifest itself in two cases: 1) when it is necessary to master lead-up exercises for the subsequent learning of more complex DDs; 2) when it is necessary to achieve a simple mastering of the technique of the corresponding DD, the formation of skills is a prerequisite for the subsequent formation of DN.
The formation of RP is stabilized when the system of necessary influences is reproduced frequently and relatively stereotypically.
The process of technical training is carried out during the entire long-term training of an athlete.
The long-term process of technical training of an athlete is divided into 3 stages:
1. Stage of basic technical training;
2. The stage of in-depth technical improvement and the achievement of the highest sports and technical skills;
3. The stage of preservation of sports and technical skills.
Each stage includes stages consisting of annual cycles. For example, the first stage usually consists of 4-6 annual cycles, the second 6-8, the third 4-6.
Therefore, the construction, specific content and methodology of the technical training of an athlete at each stage, as a rule, is subject to the periodization of the annual training cycle. Most often, this is most pronounced in the training of highly qualified athletes. The fact is that for beginner athletes, the annual cycle is not divided separately into preparatory, competitive and transitional periods. They have training sessions throughout the year that are preparatory in nature.
Hence it follows that the process of mastering and improving the technique of movements within the annual cycle of training in qualified athletes is largely depends on the patterns of acquisition, preservation and further development of sports form.
In this regard, in the annual cycle distinguish 3 stages of technical training:
1) search;
2) stabilization;
3) adaptive improvement (adaptive).
At the 1st stage technical training is aimed at the formation of a new technique of competitive actions (or its updated version), improvement of the prerequisites for its practical development, learning (or relearning) of individual movements that are part of competitive actions. This stage coincides with the first half of the preparatory period.
At the 2nd stage technical training is aimed at in-depth development and consolidation of integral skills of competitive actions. It covers a significant part of the second half of the preparatory period.
At the 3rd stage technical training is aimed at improving the formed skills, increasing the range of their expedient variability (variability), stability (stability), reliability in relation to the conditions of the main competitions. This stage usually begins with the final part of the preparation period and extends to the competition period as a whole.
The main tasks of each stage of technical training in improving technical skills are:
1. Achieving high stability and rational variability of motor skills, which form the basis of techniques in the chosen sport, increasing their effectiveness in competitive conditions;
2. Partial restructuring of motor skills, improvement of dynamics.
To solve the first problem, as a rule, the method of complicating the external situation, the method of exercising under various conditions of the organism, is used; to solve the second one - the method of facilitating the conditions of technical actions, the method of conjugate effects.
The method of complicating the external environment when performing technical methods, it is implemented in a number of methodological methods:
1. The methodical method of resistance of a conditional opponent is used mainly in sports games and martial arts. Elements of fighting with a conditional opponent helps the athlete to improve the structure and rhythm of performance technical reception. It provides a high load density in the lesson, is an effective psychological factor for raising self-confidence, for cultivating courage and determination.
2. Methodical reception of difficult starting positions and preparatory actions. In diving, the height from the springboard decreases. Football players are invited to perform kicks and head kicks on the ball flying along a complex trajectory.
3. Methodical reception top speed and accuracy of performance. For example, in boxing, an athlete is given a high rate of punches for a certain period - 1 round. In the long jump, the run is performed along a slightly inclined path. In football, rapprochement between partners is used when performing a pass with constant force, etc.
4. The methodical technique of limiting space for performing actions makes it possible to complicate the conditions of orientation when improving a skill. In running and jumping, steps are performed according to pre-made marks. Boxing uses a reduced ring, etc.
5. The methodical method of performing actions in unusual conditions involves changing the training conditions ( natural conditions, equipment, inventory), contributes to the improvement of one or more characteristics of the technique of movements (spatial, temporal, dynamic, rhythmic, etc.) cross-country skiing- movement on the deprived ski track.
The method of exercises in the conditions of the athlete's body that make it difficult to perform technical actions.
1. A methodical technique for performing an action in a state of significant fatigue. In this case, the athlete is offered exercises for technique after physical activity of high volume and intensity. So, in gymnastics, at the end of a lesson, an athlete performs the most difficult combination “on technique”. This technique puts a great load on the central nervous system of the body and requires a high concentration of volitional efforts from it.
2. A methodical technique for performing actions in a state of significant emotional stress is carried out by introducing control, competitive and game methods into performing exercises for technique.
3. The methodical method of periodically turning off or limiting visual control allows you to selectively influence the receptor-analyzer components of a motor skill. As a result, athletes increase their ability to perceive and carefully evaluate their own movements according to kinesthetic sensations. For example, rowing with your eyes closed allows you to better feel the movement of the boat and more easily control the stability of the skill with the help of “muscle feeling”.
4. The methodical method of forming a working environment sets up an athlete for the mandatory implementation of an improved technical technique in a competitive environment, stimulates his activity in the process of improving the skill. So, in a training fight, a fencer receives an instruction to focus mainly on technical techniques or, conversely, on attacking techniques.
Method of facilitating the conditions for performing technical actions consists of a number of methodological techniques.
1. Methodical example of isolating the action element. For example, in boxing, the following is distinguished: an accentuated impact movement of the hand, a push with the leg and pelvis, rotational movement of the body and shoulder girdle with the subsequent connection of these elements. In swimming, the work of the arms and legs stands out.
2. The methodical technique of reducing muscle tension allows the athlete to more subtly correct individual movements in the motor skill, control the coordination of movements (by the feedback mechanism), which speeds up the process of improvement. So, in wrestling, an opponent of a lighter weight is selected, in boxing, athletes perform exercises in light training gloves.
3. The methodical reception of additional guidelines and urgent information contributes to the most rapid mastery of the necessary amplitude of movement, tempo, rhythm, activates the process of awareness of the action being performed. For example, a straight line is drawn for a javelin thrower, strictly along which he performs a run.
The method of conjugate effects implemented in sports training mainly with the help of the other two.
1. The methodical technique of specialized dynamic exercises is based on mutual development physical ability and improving motor skills. This is achieved by choosing special exercises. So, in swimming, fins and shoulder blades are used to create additional resistance during rowing movements. V athletics jumping exercises, long jumps and high jumps are performed with a weighted belt. In water polo, passes and throws are performed with a weighted ball, etc.
2. Methodical reception of specialized isometric exercises involves the use of isometric exercises in certain articular angles, characteristic of the technique. For example, in weightlifting, an athlete performs isometric tension in a low squat position with leg flexion angles of at least 90 degrees.