Strengthening the short extensor of the big toe. Muscles of the foot Extensor brevis of the toes

27.05.2021

longus.Beginning of the muscle: from the medial side of the fibula and intercostal

eardrum. Muscle Attachment: to the distal phalanx of the thumb

ca. Function: produces dorsiflexion of the foot, raises its medial

ny edge and unbends the thumb.

lateral group.

4. Long peroneal muscle, m. peroneus longus.The beginning of the mouse

tsy: from the head and proximal third of the lateral surface of the fibula

bones. The tendon bypasses behind and downwards the lateral malleolus. Crossing co-

from the sole of the foot attached on its medial edge to the medial wedge-

prominent and 1st metatarsal bones.

5. Short peroneal muscle, m. peroneus brevis. Tendon

goes behind the lateral malleolus in a common sheath with the previous muscle.

Muscle Attachment: to tuberositas ossis metatarsi. Function: peroneal

muscles (long and short) produce pronation of the foot, lowering its medial

ny edge and raising the lateral, participate in plantar flexion.

back group.

6. Triceps muscle of the lower leg, m. triceps surae. Consists of two heads

wok-m. gastrocnemius and m. soleus, which have one tendon.

Calf muscle, m. gastrocnemius.Beginning of the muscle: by facies poplitea

femur with two heads. In the middle of the lower leg, the muscle passes into

massive Achilles tendon (tendo calcaneus). Muscle Attachment: to the back

her surface of the calcaneal tuber.

soleus muscle, m. soleus.Beginning of the muscle: from the head and

upper third rear surface fibula; going down more

tibia to the middle third of the lower leg, where the tendon stretch (m.

soleus) merges with the Achilles tendon.

7. Plantar muscle, m. plantaris.Beginning of the muscle: by facies poplitea

over the lateral condyle of the thigh and the bag of the knee joint, then passes

into a long and thin tendon. Muscle Attachment: to the heel.

Function: m.triceps surae and m. plantaris produce plantar flexion of the foot

in the ankle joint, lead the foot and supinate. In addition, m.

gastrocnemius, attaching to the femur, flexes the thigh at the knee joint

tave with fixed lower leg and foot.

Under the triceps muscle of the lower leg are:

8. Long finger flexor, m. flexor digitorum longus.Start

muscles: on the posterior surface of the tibia. Muscle tendon

descends behind the medial malleolus, in the middle of the sole it is divided into

four parts that attach to the distal phalanges. Function: sgi-

beats fingers, produces plantar flexion and supination of the foot; while standing

This muscle actively contributes to the strengthening of the longitudinal arches of the foot.

9. Tibialis posterior, m. tibialis posterior.The beginning of the mouse

tsy: on the tibia and fibula and interosseous membrane, then

tendon wraps around the medial malleolus. Muscle Attachment: on the sole

to tuberositas ossis navicularis, to three cuneiform bones and bases of the 2nd-4th

metatarsal bones. Function: leads the foot, produces a plantar flexion -

her; along with the tendons of other muscles (m. tibialis anterior et m. peroneus

longus) forms an arc that strengthens the arch of the foot.

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We will not describe the metatarsophalangeal and interphalangeal joints here, because they are identical to the joints of the fingers of the hand, with the exception of some functional differences. So, in the metacarpophalangeal joints, the amplitude of flexion is greater than the extension, and in the metatarsophalangeal joints, on the contrary, the extension exceeds the flexion:

the amplitude of active extension in the metatarsophalangeal joints ranges from 50° to 60°, and flexion is only 30–40°;
the amplitude of passive extension (Fig. 72), which plays a significant role in the last phase of the step, reaches 90 ° and may even exceed this figure, while passive flexion remains within 45-50 °.

Lateral movements of the toesoccur in the metatarsophalangeal joints within much smaller limits than the corresponding movements of the fingers. The big toe of the human foot, as opposed to thumb monkeys, lost the function of opposition as a result of the transition to movement on two legs.

Active toe extensionprovided by three muscles: two external - the long extensor of the thumb and the long extensor of the fingers - and one internal muscle feet - short extensor of the fingers.

Short extensor fingers(Fig. 73) is located completely on the back of the foot. It originates from the calcaneal floor of the tarsal sinus and from the trunk of the lower retinaculum of the extensor tendons, divides into four fleshy bellies, which are attached by tendons to the outer sides of the corresponding tendons of the long extensor of the fingers, with the exception of the tendon belonging to the first metatarsal bone, which is attached directly to dorsal surface of the first phalanx of the thumb; the fifth finger does not receive any tendon from this muscle at all. Thus, the short extensor of the toes is the extensor of the metatarsophalangeal joints of the first four fingers (Fig. 74).

Long extensor toes and extensor thumb longuslocated in the anterior case of the lower leg, their tendons end at the phalanges.

extensor toe longus tendon(Fig. 75) passes anterior to the ankle joint, deeper than the outer half of the upper retinaculum of the extensor tendons, then posterior to the trunk of the lower retinaculum, after which it is divided into four tendons going to the II-V fingers, passing under the lower plate of the anterior annular ligament. Therefore, the V finger is unbent only due to the action of the common long extensor. This muscle, as its name implies, is an extensor of the toes, but in addition, it serves, very importantly, as a flexor of the ankle joint. Its extensor action on the fingers is only seen in its purest form when its function as an ankle flexor is balanced by an antagonist extensor (mainly the triceps, shown as a white arrow). The tendon of the long extensor of the first finger (Fig. 76) passes deeper than the upper retinaculum of the tendons of the extensor muscles and then penetrates both legs of the lower retinaculum. It is attached to the back surface of both phalanges of the thumb: along the edges of the rear of the first phalanx and to the back surface of the base of the distal phalanx. Therefore, this muscle is not only the extensor of the thumb, but also, no less important, the flexor of the ankle joint. As with the extensor digitorum longus, its thumb extension action only occurs after its function as an ankle flexor is balanced by its antagonist. Duchenne de Boulogne states that the extensor digitorum brevis is the only true extensor.

"Lower limb. Functional anatomy"
A.I. Kapanji

The state of mobility of the foot depends on the functioning of its joints, ligaments and muscles. A certain role in their life is assigned to the muscles of the fingers of each limb. It is they who ensure the correct movement of the bone levers in the ankle joint, and in case of damage or disease, the work of the entire department is disrupted. So, let's consider what the short extensor of the big toe and its opposite are, similar muscles of the hand, as well as possible actions in case of their disease.

About the muscles that provide mobility of the limbs

Latin gives this muscle the definition Musculus extensor hallucis brevis. We are talking about fibers, thanks to which the thumb can function normally.

The short extensor of the thumb begins from the calcaneus, and then goes forward and, moving closer to the conventionally median line of the body, passes into the tendon area, which is attached to the base of one of the phalanges. Then this muscle is connected to another, called the long extensor. In the event of a violation in this department, the movement of not only the thumb is difficult: a person cannot rise on tiptoe and simply raise his toes up.

However, it is important for a person not only to raise or lower the toes, but also to carry out lateral movements. The short extensor of the fingers is responsible for this function. This is a flat muscle located directly on the back of the foot. It also starts from the calcaneus, and then passes into the tendons, which are connected to the fibers of the long extensor muscle and are attached to the bases of the phalanges. The short extensor of the fingers is also responsible for taking each of them to the side, and without this the leg could not move normally, and the person could not walk, run and exercise. various types sports.

The movement of the hands is also carried out due to the action of the muscles, and among them the short flexor of the thumb takes its place, without the functioning of which it would be impossible, for example, to grasp the handrails in transport, to hold the child's hand. Starting at the bones of the wrist, this muscle goes in a far direction and forms two heads: a superficial one, which is attached to the external sesamoid bone, and a deep one, connected to both sesamoid bones. The short flexor thumb of the hand in the normal state ensures the functioning of the proximal phalanx and is partly responsible for the abduction of the first finger. Moreover, both this muscle and all the links with which it is connected must be healthy so that a person can carry out active movements with a brush.

The motor function of this area occurs with the participation of other muscles. So, on the side of the elevation there is a short muscle that abducts the thumb of the hand. It starts from the tendon of the long fibers involved in its abduction, and in the normal state this muscle is attached to the lateral surface of the base of the largest phalanx, and in the thickness of its tendon there is a sesamoid bone that provides tendon protection. However, when a bone is damaged as a result of an injury or other disease, the tendon also suffers. Interacting with other links, the short muscle that abducts the thumb of the hand slightly opposes it when performing its function, and also participates in the flexion of the proximal phalanx.

However, these flexor muscles will not be in good shape without their opposites, so it is natural that the short extensor thumb is needed. This is one of the muscles of the forearm, located in the lower part of the department. She starts at radius, passes down and ends at the tendon of the long muscle, attaching to the back surface of the largest phalanx, and its condition, the ability to interact with other links, ensures the coherence of the movement of the brush. During the movement, they all interact, and the problem of one area immediately entails a change in the state of another.

Common disease and possible treatment

We are talking about a disease such as synovitis, which affects the joints of the limbs, affecting the muscles, and for this reason the functioning of the foot or hand is disturbed, but most often suffer lower limbs. When a joint is injured or pathogens enter the cavity, inflammation of the synovial membrane or synovitis occurs. The extensor muscles and adjacent tendons suffer from it, and as a result, characteristic symptoms appear:

difficulty in movement;
pain;
edema;
joint instability.

Synovitis can also be recognized by the presence of such signs as lameness, the absence of a roll from heel to toe, and the step becomes shortened. Soreness, swelling, restriction and even blocking of the joint, local temperature increase during an exacerbation of the disease are observed with inflammation in the area of the hand.

Treatment depends on how damaged the synovial membrane is. As practice shows, at the initial stage, synovitis can quickly disappear if you reduce physical exercise. Treatment begins with joint fixation, and then therapy is prescribed using non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. If there is synovitis in an uncomplicated form, the doctor may prescribe Kontrykal or Trasilol in the form of injections, and also recommend that prescription procedures be included in the treatment. traditional medicine. At the initial stage of the disease, baths using chamomile, sage, nettle leaves or oak bark help reduce synovitis, and for a home procedure, you first need to pour 1 tablespoon of raw materials into 1 liter of water and boil, and then cool to a comfortable temperature.

If the synovitis has acquired a more complex form, the use of corticosteroids in various dosage forms is practiced. So, treatment may include the use of Prednisolone, Hydrocortisone or Diprospan injections, Prednisolone, Celeston or Triamcinolone tablets, as well as one of the topical preparations, and this may be Hydrocortisone ointment, Afloderm cream or Lorinden lotion.

The use of magnetic therapy is also practiced, but with poor blood clotting in the patient and with a tendency to sudden bleeding, this is contraindicated. The doctor may prescribe laser treatment or electrophoresis for up to 15 procedures, each of which lasts 20 minutes. In cases where conservative methods have not given the desired result, surgical intervention is used.

The purpose of the complex of measures is to restore the functions lost as a result of the disease. However, it should be noted that if the cause of the disease was trauma and rupture of the tendons, then even with proper treatment, the functions of the finger may be limited due to the formation of scar tissue at the site of injury. Thus, treatment and its effectiveness depend on the severity of the disease, and in advanced cases, consequences such as loss of the ability to move and even death in the infectious form of the disease are possible. To prevent damage to the joints, muscles and tendons, it is recommended to avoid excessive exercise, and include foods with a high content of gelatin, vitamin C, and phytoncides in the diet.

The movements of the toes are carried out, in addition to some muscles of the lower leg, also by their own muscles located on the back and on the sole of the foot. There are only 2 muscles on the back of the foot. These are the short extensor of the fingers and the short flexor of the thumb. There are 19 short muscles on the sole. These are the flexors of the thumb and other fingers, the muscles that adduct and abduct the thumb and little finger, as well as the muscles that oppose the fingers, to a certain extent similar in purpose to the muscles of the hand. The plantar muscles perform another very important function - they strengthen the arches of the foot. Muscles of the back of the foot. The muscles of the rear of the foot (Fig. 167) are located under the dorsal fascia and under the tendons of the long extensor fingers, that is, they lie in the second layer.

Short finger extensor(m. extensor digitorum brevis)- flattened, thin muscle. The muscle begins on the back and lateral surfaces of the anterior part of the calcaneus, goes obliquely forward and medially along the back of the foot. The beginning of the muscle is located under the retinaculum of the tendons of the extensor muscles in its lateral part. The muscular abdomen of the short extensor of the fingers passes into a short tendon, which immediately divides into three tendons, heading to the II-V fingers. Each tendon joins from the lateral side to the corresponding tendon of the long extensor of the fingers and together Rice. 167. Extensor tendons and short muscles of the rear of the foot: 1 - short extensor of the big toe; 2 - tendon of the long extensor of the big toe; 3 - dorsal interosseous muscles; 4 - tendons of the short extensor of the fingers; 5 - tendons of the long extensor of the fingers; 6 - third peroneal muscle; 7 - short extensor of the fingers; 8 - the lower retainer of the extensor tendons with it is attached to the base of the proximal phalanx of the II-V toes, forming a tendon stretch on the back surface of the middle and nail phalanges. Function: unbends the II-V toes of the foot (together with the tendons of the long extensor of the fingers). Innervation:Blood supply: lateral talar, peroneal arteries. extensor hallucis brevis(m. extensor hallucis brevis)- flattened muscle, lies medial to the extensor digitorum brevis. It starts on the upper and lateral surfaces of the anterior part of the calcaneus. Then the muscle is directed obliquely forward and medially, passes into the tendon, which is attached to the dorsum of the base of the proximal phalanx of the big toe. The tendon of this muscle fuses with the tendon of the long extensor of the thumb and is involved in the formation of a tendon stretch on its back side.

Function: flexes the big toe. Innervation: deep peroneal nerve (LIV-SI). Blood supply: dorsal artery of the foot. Muscles of the sole of the foot. The muscles located on the plantar side of the foot are divided into 3 groups: medial, lateral and middle (Fig. 168). The muscles of the medial group carry out the movements of the big toe. These are 3 muscles - the muscle that removes the big toe, the short flexor of the big toe and the muscle that adducts the big toe. The lateral group also includes 3 muscles that move the little finger. This is the muscle that abducts the little toe, the short flexor of the little toe of the foot and the muscle that opposes the little toe. The muscles of the middle group, located between the medially and laterally lying muscles, act on the toes in the majority as flexors. AT middle group includes 13 muscles. These are the short flexor of the fingers, the square muscle of the sole, four worm-shaped muscles, three plantar interosseous muscles and four dorsal interosseous muscles. The medial group of muscles of the sole of the foot. Muscle that abducts the big toe(m. abductor hallucis) relatively large, flattened, two-pinnate, located superficially along the medial edge of the foot. It covers the attachment points of the anterior and posterior tibial muscles. The muscle originates on the medial surface of the calcaneal tuberosity, on the plantar surface of the navicular bone, on the inferior retinaculum of the flexor tendons, on the plantar aponeurosis, and on the medial malleolus. muscle tendon, Rice. 168. Muscles of the foot, plantar side: 1 - muscle that removes the little toe of the foot; 2 — plantar interosseous muscles; 3 - short flexor of the little toe of the foot; 4 - tendons of the long flexor of the fingers; 5 - tendons of the short flexor of the fingers; 6 - fibrous sheaths of the toes; 7 - worm-like muscles; 8 - short flexor of the big toe; 9 - tendon of the long flexor of the big toe; 10 - short flexor of the fingers; 11 - muscle that removes the big toe; 12 - plantar aponeurosis (cut off); 13 - calcaneal tubercle

abductor big toe, connected to the tendon of the short flexor of the big toe, is attached to the medial side of the base of the proximal phalanx and to the medial sesamoid bone of the big toe. Function: abducts the big toe from the median line of the sole in the medial direction. Innervation:Blood supply: medial plantar artery. flexor hallucis brevis(m. flexor hdllucis brevis)- a flattened muscle, located partly superficially, partly on the plantar side of the I metatarsal bone. On the medial side, this muscle is fused with the muscle that removes the thumb, on the lateral side - with the muscle that adducts the thumb. The flexor hallucis brevis begins with a narrow tendon plate on the medial side of the plantar surface of the navicular bone, on the long ligament of the sole, and even on the tendon of the posterior tibial muscle. The short abdomen of the short flexor of the big toe passes into two tendons slightly diverging to the sides - medial and lateral. The medial tendon is attached to the medial sesamoid bone and to the plantar surface of the base of the first phalanx of the thumb. The lateral tendon, together with the tendon of the adductor big toe muscle, is attached to the lateral sesamoid bone, as well as to the base of the 1st phalanx, its plantar surface. Between these two tendons runs the tendon of the long flexor of the big toe. Function: flexes the big toe. Innervation: the lateral part of the muscle is the lateral plantar nerve (SI-SII); the medial part is the medial plantar nerve (LV-SI). Blood supply: medial plantar artery, deep plantar arterial arch.

Muscle that adducts the big toe(m. adductor hallucis), biceps, located directly on the plantar surface of the metatarsal bones and on the plantar interosseous muscles. From below, the muscle is covered by the tendons of the long and short flexors of the fingers and the worm-like muscles. The muscle that adducts the big toe has two heads - oblique and transverse. Oblique head (caput obliquum) thicker than the transverse, it begins on the plantar surface of the cuboid and lateral sphenoid bones, the bases of the II-IV metatarsal bones, on the long plantar ligament and on the osteofibrous sheath of the long peroneal muscle. The muscular belly of the oblique head follows forward and medially, passes into the tendon common to this muscle at the level of the head of the II metatarsal bone. Transverse head (caput transversum) narrow, flat, begins in separate bundles on the plantar surface of the capsules of the II-V metatarsophalangeal joints, on the deep transverse metatarsal ligament, and also on the distal ends of the II-V metatarsal bones. The muscle bundles of this head run medially to the base of the thumb, where its tendon merges with the tendon of the oblique head. The resulting common tendon is attached to the base of the proximal phalanx of the big toe and the lateral sesamoid bone. Function: adducts and flexes the big toe. Innervation:Blood supply: Lateral group of muscles of the sole of the foot. Muscle that abducts the little toe of the foot(m. abductor digiti minimi), narrow, fusiform, located at the lateral edge of the foot under the plantar aponeurosis, covers the short flexor of the little finger and the muscle that opposes the little toe.

The muscle that abducts the little toe of the foot begins with tendon and muscle bundles on the plantar surface of the calcaneal tubercle, tuberosity at the metatarsal bone and on the plantar aponeurosis. A short tendon runs along the lateral edge of the foot and is attached to the lateral side of the base of the proximal phalanx of the little toe. Function: abducts and flexes the proximal phalanx of the little finger. Innervation: lateral plantar nerve (SI-SII). Blood supply:Short flexor of the little toe(m. flexor digiti minimi brevis)- thin, weak developed muscle, is located medially to the muscle that removes the little toe of the foot, is partially covered by this muscle and the plantar aponeurosis. The short flexor of the little toe of the foot begins on the medial side of the plantar surface of the fifth metatarsal bone, on the osteofibrous sheath of the tendon of the long peroneal muscle and on the long plantar ligament. The beginning of the short flexor of the little toe of the foot is located deeper, the distal part is next to the muscle that removes the little toe. The flexor brevis tendon inserts at the base of the proximal phalanx of the little toe. Function: bends the little finger. Innervation: lateral plantar nerve (SI-SII). Blood supply: lateral plantar artery. Muscle that opposes the little finger(m. opponens digiti minimi), thin, poorly developed muscle, often absent. It is located on the plantar surface of the metatarsal bone on the lateral side of the short flexor of the little toe of the foot, being covered by the muscle that removes the little toe. The muscle that opposes the little finger begins on the long plantar ligament and the osteofibrous sheath of the long peroneal muscle. The muscle is attached to the lateral edge of the fifth metatarsal bone. Function: participates in strengthening the lateral longitudinal arch of the foot.

Innervation: lateral plantar nerve (SI-SII). Blood supply: lateral plantar artery. Middle group of muscles of the sole of the foot. Short finger flexor(m. flexor digitorum brevis)- a thin flat muscle, lies directly under the plantar aponeurosis, between the muscle that removes the little finger and the muscle that removes the big toe. Under the short flexor of the fingers are the square muscle of the sole, the tendons of the long flexor of the fingers, as well as the worm-like muscles. The muscle begins with a short thick tendon on the plantar surface of the calcaneal tubercle and plantar aponeurosis. The flat muscular abdomen in the middle of the foot passes into four tendons, each of which splits into two bundles at the level of the proximal phalanx, attached to the lateral surfaces of the middle phalanges of the II-V fingers. In each splitting passes the corresponding tendon of the long flexor of the fingers. Part of the tendon bundles of the short flexor of the fingers is woven directly into the fibrous sheaths of the tendons of the toes. Function: bends II-V fingers (middle phalanges); participates in strengthening the longitudinal arch of the foot, shortening the foot. Innervation: medial plantar nerve (LV-SI). Blood supply:Square muscle of the sole(m. quadratus plantae) or additional bender(m. flexor accessorius), flat, thin, located deeper than the short flexor of the fingers, has two heads - lateral and medial, connected to a common abdomen (Fig. 169). These heads originate on the lateral and medial sides of the inferior surface of the posterior calcaneus and on the long plantar ligament. Both heads are connected into one flat muscle, which narrows anteriorly and, at the level of the middle of the sole of the foot, is attached to the lateral edge of the tendon of the long flexor of the fingers.

Rice. 169. Square muscle of the sole and other muscles of the sole of the right foot, ventral view. The short flexor of the toes and the muscles that abduct the big toe are cut off and removed: 1 - calcaneal tubercle; 2 — plantar aponeurosis; 3 - muscle that removes the big toe; 4 - square muscle of the sole; 5 - muscle that removes the little toe of the foot; 6 - plantar interosseous muscles; 7 - short flexor of the little toe of the foot; 8 - worm-like muscles; 9 — tendons of the short flexor of the toes (cut off); 10 - tendon of the long flexor of the big toe; 11 - short flexor of the big toe; 12 - muscle that removes the big toe; 13 - tendon of the long flexor of the toes Rice. 170. Interosseous muscles, plantar and dorsal, bottom view: 1 - calcaneal tubercle; 2 - long plantar ligament; 3 - plantar interosseous muscles; 4 - a muscle that opposes the little toe of the foot; 5 - the muscle that removes the big toe (cut off); 6 - dorsal interosseous muscles; 7 - tendon of the long peroneal muscle (cut off); 8 - tendon of the anterior tibial muscle; 9 - tendon of the posterior tibial muscle Function: flexes II-V toes. Innervation: lateral plantar nerve (SI-SII). Blood supply: lateral plantar artery. vermiform muscles(m. lumbricales) - four thin, spindle-shaped muscles located under the short flexor of the fingers, between the tendons of the long flexor of the fingers. Each of the three laterally lying muscles begins with two heads on the surfaces of the tendons of the long flexor of the II-V fingers facing each other. The medial vermiform muscle begins with one head on the medial side of the adjacent tendon of the long flexor of the fingers, heading towards the second toe. Each worm-like muscle goes forward, continues into a thin tendon, which is attached to the medial edge of the proximal phalanx and is woven into the dorsal aponeurosis of the corresponding (II-V) finger. Between the tendons of the worm-like muscles and the deep transverse metatarsal ligament are the mucous bags of the worm-like muscles of the foot.

Function: bend the proximal and unbend the middle and distal phalanges of the II-V fingers, moving them towards the big toe. Innervation: lateral and medial plantar nerves (LV-SII). Blood supply: medial and lateral plantar arteries. Interosseous muscles(muscle interossei), thin, fusiform, located deep in the spaces between the metatarsal bones from the side of the sole of the foot (plantar) and its rear (dorsal) (Fig. 170). If on the hand the interosseous muscles are grouped along the sides of the third finger, then on the foot they are located on the sides of the second finger. This is due to the support function of the foot. plantar interosseous muscles(m. interossei plantares) include 3 narrow short muscles located in the intervals between II and III, III and IV, IV and V metatarsal bones. Each of these muscles originates on the medial side of the III, IV and V metatarsal bones and on the long ligament of the sole, follows forward and is attached to the medial surface of the proximal phalanx of the III, IV or V toes. Part of the bundles passes from the medial side of the phalanx to the dorsal side of the corresponding finger and is woven into the dorsal aponeurosis. Function: lead III-V fingers to the II finger and bend their proximal phalanges. Innervation: lateral plantar nerve (SI-SII). Blood supply: deep plantar arch, plantar metatarsal arteries. Dorsal interosseous muscles(m. interossei dorsales)- four thin, short biceps muscles, which are located in the gaps between the metatarsal bones on their back side. Each muscle begins with two heads on the surfaces of adjacent metatarsal bones I and II, II and III, III and IV, IV and V facing each other. The muscles are directed forward. The tendon of each muscle is attached to the base of the proximal phalanx of the II-IV fingers and to the corresponding tendon of the long extensor of the fingers. The first interosseous muscle is attached to the medial side of the II finger, the other three - to the lateral side of the II, III or IV fingers, respectively. The tendons of these muscles are also woven into the dorsal tendon stretch of the corresponding fingers.

Function: the first interosseous muscle abducts the second toe from the median line of the foot, which runs along the second toe. The remaining 3 muscles abduct the corresponding (II-IV) fingers to the lateral side, bringing them closer to the little finger, and bend the proximal phalanges of the II-IV fingers. Innervation: lateral plantar nerve (SI-SII). Blood supply: deep plantar arch, plantar metatarsal arteries.

The mobility of the foot is provided by various muscles, including the short extensor of the big toe, as well as other short and long muscles. short muscles do not leave the area of the foot itself and are attached within it. The long muscles have their base in the lower leg and are attached to the foot. Thanks to the short and long muscles, extension of both the big and other toes occurs. The foot performs the most important shock-absorbing and stabilizing function. The main movements that the foot makes are flexion and extension.

foot anatomy

The muscles of the foot, according to their position, are divided into dorsal (or dorsal) and plantar. In addition, they can be lateral and medial. If a conditional median line is drawn through the human body, then those areas that are closer to this line are called medial. The areas closer to the outer edge are called lateral. The human foot can move in many directions. There are such types of limb movement:

flexion/extension;
abduction / adduction;
pronation/supination.

The phalanges of the toes are also quite mobile. This is necessary to perform a stabilizing function and maintain balance. Their mobility is provided by a short extensor of the fingers and a separate muscle related to the thumb. The extensor digitorum brevis is a rather wide and flat muscle that runs along the entire outer region of the foot. It is attached to the calcaneus, then goes to the phalanges, where it branches into 3 tendons. In the upper part, these tendons are combined with the extensor tendon of the thumb and are attached to the phalanges. This muscle is powered by the tibial artery, and innervated by the peroneal nerve.

On the plantar side, there are muscles of their own, thanks to which the movement of the phalanges and the foot as a whole becomes possible. These include the muscles that abduct and bend the phalanges on the legs, as well as the worm-shaped and square muscles.

Long muscles of the feet

The muscles involved in flexion and extension of the phalanges can also be long. At one end they are attached to the bones of the lower leg, and at the other - to the phalanges on the legs. The flexor digitorum longus attaches to the tibia. Teaming up with square muscle, long flexor is divided into 4 tendons, which are attached directly to the phalanges. Due to the fact that the long flexor of the fingers is attached to four phalanges at the same time, not only flexion movements become possible, but also movement in different directions.

There is also a separate muscle that is responsible for flexion thumbs on the foot. The long flexor of the big toe is attached at one end to the lower part of the fibula, and at the other end to the base of the big toe. The long flexor of the big toe is the most powerful muscle on the back of the lower leg. In addition to ensuring the movement of the phalanx, it is needed to maintain the arch of the foot. Also, the long flexor of the fingers is also necessary in order to bend the second and third phalanges, since its tendon is partially associated with the tendons of these fingers. In addition to flexion and extension of the foot, the flexor hallucis longus is also required for supination and adduction.

Responsible for the extension of the phalanges on the legs long muscles. The extensor digitorum longus is located on the outer side of the lower leg and is attached to a bone called the tibia. Then the long extensor of the fingers stretches along the lower leg and in the foot diverges into 5 branches, which are attached to the phalanges with the help of tendons. The long extensor of the fingers is involved not only in their extension, but also in the extension of the limb.

extensor hallucis longus

The extensor hallucis longus originates at the bottom of the fibula. It is attached to the base of the bones of the thumbs. The long extensor of the thumb is necessary not only for the movement of himself, but also for the mobility of the limb.

The extensor hallucis longus also provides supination and circular motion to the feet.

How to strengthen your feet

Strengthening these structures is essential for our health. There is such a thing as "the core of the legs." It includes small muscles needed to stabilize the entire body. Thanks to them, shocks are softened when running and walking, and a stable body position is maintained. If these muscles are weakened, then the entire load will be distributed on the plantar fascia, which is fraught with the development of plantar fasciitis. Moreover, a weak ligamentous-muscular apparatus leads to a gradual change in gait, which can cause problems with the knees, hip joints and even with the spine.

To strengthen the foot, there are simple exercises that you can do at home.

Complex	Performance
Exercise number 1.	You will need a towel for this exercise. Grab it with your toes and stretch it around the room. Having reached the opposite wall of the room, with your feet form a lump out of this towel. Then grab the fabric again and drag it to the other end of the room. Do this exercise with each foot.
Exercise number 2.	This exercise is performed while sitting. To complete it, you will need small items (for example, glass balls, dice, buttons). Grab an object from one pile with your feet and transfer it to another. Do the same with the other foot.
Exercise number 3.	The exercise can be done while sitting. Over time, it is performed standing on one leg. Place your foot on the floor in the normal position. Then pull your fingers towards you, forming an arch with the arch of the foot.
Exercise number 4.	Sit on the floor with your legs extended straight out in front of you. Tighten your foot and arch it as if it were wearing high heels. Lock the leg in such a tense position and slowly turn the foot towards you.

The positive effect of such home exercises occurs after 3-4 months. The main thing is not the duration of the exercises, but their regularity. After a few months, the muscles of the feet will strengthen, the arch will rise. It will also improve blood circulation, increase the sensitivity of the foot, which is extremely important for developing stability.

Walk barefoot more often on grass, sand and pebbles, after making sure that there are no foreign objects.

Foot health needs to be addressed Special attention. Fatigue and heaviness in the legs may be the first signs that not everything is in order with the legs. To prevent the development of many unpleasant diseases, it is necessary to adhere to some preventive recommendations.

Avoid the "wrong" shoes. Start by throwing away your slippers. If barefoot is uncomfortable for you, you can buy thick sports socks. When choosing shoes for everyday wear, pay attention to the quality of shoes and the manufacturer. Make sure that it has a fairly tight (but not "wooden" backdrop). It is good if the insoles are in shoes with special insoles or liners.
if you have overweight then you have to get rid of them. The fact is that excess weight creates an additional and constant load on the feet, as a result of which they seem to “spread” and sag. This can lead to the development of flat feet.
To strengthen the muscles of the lower leg and feet, use a jump rope. If you have no contraindications, jump rope will help not only make your muscles stronger, but also increase the overall endurance of the body. In addition, when jumping, plaques on the walls of blood vessels are destroyed, which has an additional positive effect.
Engage in general strengthening of the body. For this, hardening, sunbathing and walking barefoot on grass or sand are suitable. Do not forget also about taking vitamin complexes, especially in the autumn-winter period.